Q-Compensation for Near Surface with Low-Frequency Protection and Its Application in Prestack Processing of Central Sichuan Basin
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摘要:
四川盆地川中须家河组近源成藏具有较大勘探潜力，但其储层类型多为薄层组合的孔隙裂缝性储层，储层纵横向非均质性强，河道砂体及小断层刻画不清晰，需要进行地震高分辨率处理，此外，须五段对于低频响应比较敏感，这就要求在保证全频处理的前提下，着重加强对低频信息的保护与拓展。针对该地质需求，开展低频保护下的近地表Q补偿技术的应用研究，以改善近地表的吸收衰减作用，增强子波的横向一致性，从而提升地震资料品质。首先，基于四川盆地近地表结构特征以及地震波衰减理论，利用表层旅行时，联合地震初至波主频等信息建立近地表Q场；然后，在传统稳定Q补偿的基础上，引入低频保护系数，提出低频保护下的稳定Q补偿流程。最后，对比分析理想主频、截止频率以及低频保护系数等参数对补偿效果的影响，确立该工区近地表补偿的最优参数组合。基于优选的参数组合对工区内的实际地震资料进行叠前道集补偿，补偿结果表明：基于该流程进行近地表Q补偿，可以有效地提高地震资料的分辨率，恢复砂体的振幅特征，改善同相轴的横向连续性；并且在拓展高频的同时，能够保持低频信息不被压制。使用处理后的资料提取的属性与工区内的实钻结果相吻合，显著提升了对砂体的刻画精度，为后续的油气勘探提供了坚实的数据支撑和技术保障。
Abstract:The near-source reservoir formation in the Xujiahe Formation of the Sichuan Basin has great exploration potential, but its reservoir types are mostly thin-layered porous and fractured reservoirs with strong vertical and horizontal heterogeneity. The channel sand bodies and small faults are not clearly delineated, requiring high-resolution seismic processing. Moreover, the Xujiahe Formation is more sensitive to low-frequency response; thus, it is necessary to focus on the protection and expansion of low-frequency information while ensuring full-frequency processing. In response to this geological requirement, we have conducted research on near surface Q-compensation technology under low-frequency protection to improve the absorption and attenuation effects near the surface and the impact on the lateral consistency of wavelets, thereby enhancing the quality of seismic data. First, based on the near-surface structural characteristics of the Sichuan Basin and the theory of seismic wave attenuation, the near surface Q-field is established using surface travel time and combined with information such as the dominant frequency of the first seismic arrival. Then, based on the stable Q-compensation method, we propose a new stable Q-compensation process by introducing a low-frequency protection coefficient to protect low frequencies. Finally, the influence of parameters such as the ideal dominant frequency, cutoff frequency, and low-frequency protection coefficient on the compensation effect was compared and analyzed, and the optimal parameter combination for near-surface compensation was established. Based on the optimized parameter combination, the prestack gathers are compensated. The compensation results show that using this process for near surface Q-compensation can effectively improve the resolution of seismic data, restore the amplitude characteristics of sand bodies, and improve the lateral continuity of events. While expanding high frequencies, it can maintain low-frequency information without being suppressed. The attributes extracted from the processed data are consistent with actual drilling results in the work area, significantly improving the accuracy of sand body characterization and providing solid data and technical support for subsequent oil and gas exploration.
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Keywords:
- low-frequency protection /
- near surface /
- Q-compensation /
- high resolution /
- uniformity
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图 1 低频保护下的Q补偿频谱示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Q-compensation with low-frequency protection
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图 5 工区内检波点处的近地表旅行时分布
Figure 5. Travel time of seismic waves at detection points in near surface
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图 8 使用主频不同的理想子波获得的近地表Q值分布
Figure 8. Near-surface Q obtained using ideal wavelets with different main frequencies
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图 9 使用主频不同的理想子波获得的近地表Q并补偿CMP后叠加
Figure 9. Compensated results obtained from different Q computed by different ideal frequencies
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图 11 不同截止频率的道集补偿效果
Figure 11. Compensated CMPs obtained using different cut frequencies
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图 13 使用不同的低频保护系数进行补偿效果
Figure 13. Compensated by different low-frequency protection coefficients
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图 15 Q补偿前后叠加剖面及其自相关对比
Figure 15. The stack profiles and their autocorrelation profiles
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