ISSN 1004-4140
CN 11-3017/P

智能最佳管电压技术SEMI模式联合迭代算法扫描冠状动脉钙化积分的低剂量研究

刘宇航, 李伟, 牛延涛, 张永县, 王宇辰, 杨冰冰, 刘丹丹

刘宇航, 李伟, 牛延涛, 等. 智能最佳管电压技术SEMI模式联合迭代算法扫描冠状动脉钙化积分的低剂量研究[J]. CT理论与应用研究(中英文), xxxx, x(x): 1-7. DOI: 10.15953/j.ctta.2024.317.
引用本文: 刘宇航, 李伟, 牛延涛, 等. 智能最佳管电压技术SEMI模式联合迭代算法扫描冠状动脉钙化积分的低剂量研究[J]. CT理论与应用研究(中英文), xxxx, x(x): 1-7. DOI: 10.15953/j.ctta.2024.317.
LIU Y H, LI W, NIU Y T, et al. Low-Dose Study on Coronary Artery Calcium Score Scanning Using the SEMI Mode of the Intelligent Optimal Tube Voltage Selection Technique in Combination with an Iterative Algorithm[J]. CT Theory and Applications, xxxx, x(x): 1-7. DOI: 10.15953/j.ctta.2024.317. (in Chinese).
Citation: LIU Y H, LI W, NIU Y T, et al. Low-Dose Study on Coronary Artery Calcium Score Scanning Using the SEMI Mode of the Intelligent Optimal Tube Voltage Selection Technique in Combination with an Iterative Algorithm[J]. CT Theory and Applications, xxxx, x(x): 1-7. DOI: 10.15953/j.ctta.2024.317. (in Chinese).

智能最佳管电压技术SEMI模式联合迭代算法扫描冠状动脉钙化积分的低剂量研究

详细信息
    作者简介:

    刘宇航,首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院放射科,技师,E-mail:1617918058@qq.com

    通讯作者:

    刘丹丹✉,首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院放射科,副主任技师,E-mail:trdandan4170@163.com

Low-Dose Study on Coronary Artery Calcium Score Scanning Using the SEMI Mode of the Intelligent Optimal Tube Voltage Selection Technique in Combination with an Iterative Algorithm

  • 摘要:

    目的:探讨智能最佳管电压技术[1]SEMI模式(Care kV SEMI)联合迭代算法在冠状动脉检查中钙化积分低剂量扫描成像中的可行性。方法:模体实验采用Care kV SEMI模式和管电流调制技术(CareDose 4D on)。参数设置:SEMI 120 kV(ref.kV分别为100 kV、120 kV),ref.mAs分别为40 mAs、60 mAS、80 mAs,重建算法分别为滤波反投影算法(FBP)、基于模型的高级迭代算法(ADMIRE)3、4、5。比较各组图像的容积CT剂量指数(CTDIvol)、对比噪声比(CNR)和品质因子(FOM)。回顾性分析30例冠状动脉钙化积分扫描图像作为对照组(ref.kV 120 kV,ref.mAs 80 mAs,重建算法FBP),前瞻性采集109例患者冠脉钙化积分CT图像作为实验组(ref.kV 100 kV,ref.mAs 80 mAs,重建算法分别为FBP、ADMIRE3、5),两组实际管电压均为SEMI 120 kV。记录并计算剂量长度乘积(DLP)、有效剂量(ED)、左主干(LM)和右冠状动脉(RCA)开口层面的CNR、钙化积分(Agatston Score)以及风险分级。由两名高年资诊断医生对患者冠脉图像进行4分法主观评价。对临床研究两组患者冠状动脉CT钙化积分扫描的辐射剂量、钙化积分数值、风险分级以及图像质量差异进行统计学分析。结果:①模体研究结果:实验组辐射剂量较对照组均降低。相同扫描条件CNR随迭代算法等级增加而增加。ref.kV 100 kV+ref.mAs 80 mAs组四种重建算法下FOM均高于对照组。②临床研究结果:实验组与对照组ED存在统计学差异。实验组FBP和对照组CNR在LM和RCA两个层面上均无统计学差异。实验组不同重建算法所得Agatston积分间无统计学差异。实验组风险等级Kappa值分别为0.93、0.88,一致性好。两名医生主观评价Kappa值为0.952,实验组与对照组主观评分有统计学差异。结论:BMI18-25患者进行冠状动脉钙化积分CT扫描时,使用CARE kV SEMI模式联合迭代算法对钙化积分和风险分级影响较小,可以有效降低患者辐射剂量。

    Abstract:

    Objective: To explore the feasibility of the SEMI mode of the intelligent optimal tube voltage selection technique (Care kV SEMI) in combination with an iterative algorithm in low-dose calcium score scanning for coronary artery examination. Methods: SEMI-automatic tube voltage (Care kV SEMI) and tube current (CareDose 4D on) modulation were used in the phantom experiment. For the SEMI automatic tube voltage group SEMI 120 kV (ref.kV was 100 and 120 kV), ref.mAs was 40, 60, and 80 mAs. The reconstruction algorithms were filtered back projection ADMIRE 3, 4, 5. The volume CT dose index (CTDIvol), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNRp) and figure of merit (FOM) of each group were compared, and a set of parameters were selected for clinical patient image acquisition after a comprehensive comparison. A retrospective analysis of coronary artery calcium score scanning images was conducted, using 30 patients as a control group (ref.kV, 120 kV; ref.mAs, 80 mAs; reconstruction algorithm, FBP) and a prospective collection of 109 patients with coronary artery calcium score CT images as an experimental group (Care kV SEMI, 120 kV; ref.kV, 100 kV; ref.mAs, 80 mAs). The reconstruction algorithms were FBP and ADMIRE 3, 5. The dose length product (DLP), effective dose (ED), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at the left main coronary artery (LM) and right coronary artery (RCA) ostial level, Agaston score, and risk classification were recorded and compared between groups. The images of the patients were evaluated by two senior diagnostic doctors on a four-point scale. The radiation dose, calcification score, risk classification, and image quality were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results: ① Phantom experiment: The radiation dose of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. Under the same scanning parameters, the CNRp increased with an increasing reconstruction algorithm level. The FOM of the four reconstruction algorithms in the ref.kV 100 kV + ref.mAs 80 mAs group was higher than that in the control group. ② Clinical study: There was a statistically significant difference in ED between the experimental group and the control group (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in CNRc between the experimental group with FBP and the control group on the LM and RCA levels (P > 0.0125).There was no significant difference in Agaston score between the experimental and control groups (P > 0.05). The consistency of the risk grade in the experimental group was good, with kappa values of 0.93 and 0.88, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in FBP and CNRc between the experimental and control groups at either level (P > 0.0125). The subjective evaluation results of doctors A and B were consistent, and the kappa value was 0.952. There was a statistically significant difference in the subjective evaluation between the two groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Care kV SEMI combined with an iterative algorithm has little effect on the calcification score and risk classification, and it can effectively reduce the radiation doses of patients with a BMI of 18–25.

  • 卵巢恶性肿瘤中上皮恶性肿瘤最常见,约占卵巢恶性肿瘤的85%~90%,主要包括浆液性囊腺癌、黏液性囊腺癌、透明细胞癌及子宫内膜样癌等[1]。由于恶性程度较高、发展快,该类肿瘤预后往往不佳[2]。同时因为缺乏特异症状和诊断方法,一般难以早期诊断,约 60%~70% 临床确诊时已属晚期[2-3]

    目前 CT和血清肿瘤标志物CA125、HE4在其术前诊断中作用越来越突出[1],我们通过对156例卵巢上皮肿瘤进行研究,探讨CT联合血清CA125及人附睾蛋白4(human epididymis protein 4,HE4)对卵巢上皮恶性肿瘤的诊断价值。

    对2017年1月至2021年5月间于淄博市博山区医院、淄博市第一医院及上海中医药大学附属龙华医院金山分院诊治的156例卵巢上皮肿瘤进行研究。其中良性72例(浆液性囊腺瘤46例,浆液性乳头状囊腺瘤3例,浆液性腺纤维瘤和囊腺纤维瘤1例,黏液性囊腺瘤19例,良性子宫内膜样肿瘤2例,勃勒纳瘤1例),恶性84例,年龄26~71岁,平均年龄(51±13.5)岁。

    入选标准:卵巢原发上皮肿瘤首次确诊,既往无卵巢肿瘤病史及卵巢手术史;未并发其他肿瘤,无肿瘤病史或放、化疗等治疗史;术后经病理学确诊。按国际妇产科联盟(international federation of gynecology and obstetrics,FIGO)对卵巢上皮恶性肿瘤的分期[4],84例恶性肿瘤中Ⅰ期15例,Ⅱ期21例,Ⅲ 期37例,Ⅳ 期11例。其中浆液性囊腺癌61例、黏液性囊腺癌16例、子宫内膜样腺癌5例、透明细胞癌2例。156例病例为连续收集,入组路线图见图1

    图  1  156例卵巢上皮肿瘤病例入组路线图
    Figure  1.  Enrollment diagram of 156 cases of ovarian epithelial tumors

    全部病例清晨采集空腹静脉血约5 mL,自然抗凝后以3000 r/min离10 min,取上清液采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清中HE4和CA125水平,检测试剂盒购自北京中杉金桥生物有限公司,具体检测步骤严格按照试剂盒说明书进行操作。

    血清CA125和HE4参考值分别设定为0~35 U/mL和0~72 pmol/L,血清CA125>35 U/mL为阳性,≤35 U/mL为阴性;血清HE4高于72 pmol/L为阳性,≤72 pmol/L为阴性。

    采用GE Light Speed 64排CT及Siemens Definition 64排CT进行检查。层厚5 mm,间隔5 mm,扫描范围从膈上至耻骨联合水平,每例均行平扫及动脉、静脉期增强扫描。采用高压注射器经肘静脉注射非离子对比剂碘海醇(300 mgI/mL)80~100 mL,注射流率3 mL/s,注射对比剂后30 s和55 s后分别行动脉期、静脉期扫描。

    由两位高年资CT医师共同进行诊断,参照周康荣等[4]诊断卵巢上皮性恶性肿瘤标准,根据病变的部位、数目、形态、大小、密度、边界、强化特点、与周围结构的关系及腹、盆腔积液等改变进行诊断及分期。

    根据最终病理诊断结果,对CT、血清CA125、HE4及联合诊断的结果进行统计学分析。采用SPSS 20.0软件,计数资料采用(%)表示,组间比较采用χ${}^2 $检验,P<0.05具有统计学意义。

    血清CA125、HE4水平在卵巢上皮良、恶性肿瘤组中阳性率的比较详见表1,结果显示恶性组血清CA125及HE4阳性率均显著高于良性组。

    表  1  血清CA125、HE4在卵巢上皮良、恶性肿瘤组中阳性率的比较
    Table  1.  Comparison among positive rates of serum CA125 and HE4 in benign and malignant ovarian epithelial tumors
    分组CA125HE4
    恶性肿瘤组(n=84)85.71%(72/84)80.95%(68/84)
    良性肿瘤组(n=72)38.89%(28/72)22.22%(16/72)
    χ${} ^2$36.9453.81
    P0.0000.000
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    CT、血清CA125、HE4单独及联合应用对卵巢上皮恶性肿瘤的诊断结果比较显示CA125诊断的灵敏度高于HE4,HE4诊断特异度高于CA125,CA125联合HE4诊断的准确率高于CT;CT+CA125+HE4诊断准确率高于单独CT或肿瘤标志物诊断(表2),部分病例CT图像见图2图5

    表  2  CT、血清CA125、HE4单独及联合应用对卵巢上皮恶性肿瘤的诊断结果比较
    Table  2.  Comparison among the diagnostic results of CT, serum CA125, HE4 alone and combination application in epithelial ovarian cancer
    诊断项目 灵敏度/%特异度/%阳性预测值/%阴性预测值/%准确率/%
    CA125     85.71a61.1172.0078.5774.36
    HE4      80.9577.78b80.95b77.7879.49b
    CA125+HE4  90.48c83.33c86.36c88.24c87.18c
    CT      83.3380.5683.3380.5682.05
    CT+CA125+HE495.24d88.89d90.91d94.18d92.31d
    χ2      9.8618.5912.999.9921.30
    P       0.0430.0010.0110.0410.000
     注:a-高于HE4;b-高于CA125;c-高于CA125、HE4及CT;d-高于CA125、HE4、CA125+HE4及CT。
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  2  46岁女性,右侧卵巢黏液性囊腺癌
    Figure  2.  A 46-year-old female, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma in the right ovary
    图  3  70岁女性,右侧卵巢浆液性囊腺癌
    Figure  3.  A 70-year-old female, serous cystadenocarcinoma in the right ovary
    图  4  43岁女性,左侧卵巢透明细胞癌
    Figure  4.  A 43-year-old female,clear cell carcinoma in the left ovarian
    图  5  55岁女性,右侧卵巢子宫内膜样腺癌
    Figure  5.  A 55-year-old female, endometrioid adenocarcinoma in the right ovarian

    卵巢恶性肿瘤致死率居女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤之首[4]。该类肿瘤主要包括上皮细胞来源恶性肿瘤、性索间质来源恶性肿瘤、生殖细胞来源恶性肿瘤及转移性肿瘤,其中绝大多数为上皮细胞来源,以浆液性囊腺癌最为多见,其他尚有黏液性囊腺癌、透明细胞癌及内膜样腺癌、未分化癌等[5-6]。由于恶性肿瘤5年生存率由发病早期的90% 下降至晚期的25%~30%,因而及时确诊并积极治疗是改善预后、延长生存的关键[6-7]

    CA125是一种高分子质量的糖蛋白,作为目前妇科应用最广泛的肿瘤标志物,主要存在于间皮细胞组织、苗勒管上皮、间皮细胞及苗勒管衍生物发生的肿瘤中,如卵巢上皮癌、输卵管癌、子宫内膜癌、宫颈腺癌及间皮细胞癌等[8-9]。约85.0% 的晚期卵巢癌血清CA125升高,手术后和化疗奏效时水平下降,肿瘤复发会再度升高,因此广泛应用于卵巢上皮恶性肿瘤的临床诊断、疗效观察与监测[10-11]。其不足之处在于特异度不高,正常排卵期、子宫内膜异位症、子宫肌瘤、盆腔炎、卵巢过度刺激综合征、以及非卵巢癌的恶性肿瘤如肺癌、胃癌等状况下也会升高,导致假阳性;同时CA125在早期卵巢癌表达率较低,对浆液性癌以外恶性肿瘤如黏液性癌等的检出率也较低[8,11]

    本研究中CA125诊断的灵敏度较高,达到85.70%,但特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及诊断准确率均较低,也说明单独应用CA125并不适合卵巢癌的筛查及早期诊断。

    HE4是一种人附睾分泌蛋白,在卵巢癌组织中表达水平明显升高,但在正常卵巢组织中一般不表达,在癌旁组织和良性肿瘤中有低水平的表达,因而是鉴别卵巢癌的新型肿瘤标志物,具有简单易测、创伤性小、受干扰因素少的优势[12-13]

    HE4在鉴别卵巢肿瘤的良恶性时准确率较高,尤其是对Ⅰ期卵巢癌的敏感度明显高于CA125,不足之处在于HE4对绝经前后肿瘤的诊断效能亦不同,绝经、年龄越大往往HE4水平有所升高因而对绝经前恶性肿瘤的诊断能力更高;此外多项研究证实HE4在卵巢透明细胞癌和黏液性癌中表达率较低[10-12],如联合CA125则能提高敏感性及特异度[14]

    本研究显示HE4诊断的灵敏度低于CA125,但特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及诊断准确率均高于CA125,HE4联合CA125则具有较高的诊断效能,灵敏度、特异度及诊断准确率高于两者单独诊断。

    CT技术的发展有利于显示恶性肿瘤病变本身及继发改变的细节,从而及时诊断和准确分期[15-16]。总结本组资料并复习相关文献,我们认为卵巢上皮性恶性肿瘤的CT一般具有下述特征[4,17-18]:早期主要表现为囊性或囊实性,病情发展呈囊实性或部分实性;体积较大,一般直径大于4 cm;呈多房囊腔,肿瘤囊壁及囊腔内分隔厚薄不均匀,最大可超过3 cm;增强瘤体实性部分较明显强化,囊内可见明显强化的壁结节;后期往往伴有腹、盆腔积液及周边结构侵犯、淋巴结及远处转移,有时可见到较明显的肿瘤血管及两侧卵巢同时发病。

    本组CT诊断准确率为82.12%,对大部分Ⅱ期肿瘤和全部 Ⅲ、Ⅳ 期肿瘤均得以正确诊断及分期。漏诊者均为单发体积较小的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期囊性肿瘤,因为体积较小、实性成分少且强化不明显而误认为良性囊腺瘤;3例良性肿瘤因为体积较大且实性成分强化较明显而误诊为恶性。因此CT不能单独根据病灶大小、强化程度等对病灶性质进行判断。此外卵巢转移瘤和原发性肿瘤有时具有相似的CT表现,而肿瘤标志物CA125及HE4则可以一定程度上弥补CT的不足。

    本组资料证实,CT联合血清CA125及HE4对卵巢上皮恶性肿瘤诊断的灵敏度、特异度及准确率分别为95.21%、88.92% 及92.32%,明显高于单独的CT或肿瘤标志物检测。

    综上所述,CT联合血清CA125及HE4对卵巢上皮恶性肿瘤的诊断具有重要价值,有利于早期诊断及准确分期,从而为临床治疗提供可靠的依据,是术前鉴别卵巢上皮肿瘤良恶性的有效组合,值得临床推广应用。

  • 图  1   模体26层图像及感兴趣区位置

    Figure  1.   26-layer image and location of ROI

    图  2   左主干(LM)开口层面及感兴趣区位置

    Figure  2.   Level of left main (LM) ostium and location of ROI

    图  3   右冠状动脉(RCA)开口层面及感兴趣区位置

    Figure  3.   Level of right coronary artery (RCA) opening and location of ROI

    表  1   模体扫描参数和辐射剂量

    Table  1   Phantom scanning parameters and radiation dose

    组别 管电压调制技术 参考管电压(kV) 参考管电流(mAs) 实际管电压(kV) 实际管电流(mAs) CTDIvol(mGy)
    A SEMI 120 kV 120 40 120 16 4.61
    B SEMI 120 kV 120 60 120 26 7.02
    C SEMI 120 kV 120 80 120 36 9.76
    D SEMI 120 kV 100 40 120 10 3.01
    E SEMI 120 kV 100 60 120 16 4.55
    F SEMI 120 kV 100 80 120 22 5.88
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   模体六种扫描参数四重建算法所得图像的CNR、FOM情况

    Table  2   CNR and FOM of the images of the four reconstruction algorithms under six scanning parameters

    组别 CNR 品质因数
    FBP ADMIRE 3 ADMIRE 4 ADMIRE 5 FBP ADMIRE 3 ADMIRE 4 ADMIRE 5
    A 88.98 108.07 120.39 141.25 1717.57 2533.50 3143.79 4328.09
    B 125.96 160.27 182.34 215.80 2260.26 3659.17 4736.42 6633.60
    C 137.27 167.78 185.44 215.69 1930.72 2884.16 3523.31 4766.79
    D 87.83 115.91 130.23 159.86 2562.54 4463.66 5634.90 8490.49
    E 110.69 139.88 158.69 193.29 2692.69 4300.41 5534.38 8211.29
    F 112.99 134.51 149.68 174.18 2171.19 3076.86 3810.02 5159.66
    注:FBP: 滤波反投影, ADMIRE: 全模型迭代重建算法,CNR: 对比噪声比,FOM:品质因数。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   实际扫描参数和辐射剂量

    Table  3   Actual scanning parameters and radiation dose

    组别实际管电压(kV)实际管电流(mAs)DLP(mGy·cm)ED(mSv)
    对照组12030(26,32)243.54±83.273.40±1.16
    实验组12028(24,32)124.82±36.241.74±0.50
    t
    7.6117.611
    P < 0.001 < 0.001
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   实验组不同重建算法钙化积分

    Table  4   Calcium scores of the experimental group under different reconstruction algorithms

    组别Agatston Score
    FBP86.9(11.5,267.5)
    ADMIRE 375.4(10.3,242.6)
    ADMIRE 564(7.5,215.2)
    Z1.593
    P0.451
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5   图像质量客观和主观评价结果

    Table  5   Results of objective and subjective evaluations of image quality

    分组 对比信噪比 主观评分
    左主干 右冠状动脉
    对照组 94.96(82.70,109.46) 92.63(84.01,101.09) 4(4,4)
    实验组FBP 93.38(81.42,108.00) 91.19(79.98,99.66) 3(3,3)
    实验组ADMIRE 3 118.34(100.83,137.14) 117.20(101.46,127.70) 3(3,3)
    实验组ADMIRE 5 158.14(133.46,188.40) 152.19(129.14,174.01) 4(4,4)
    Z 191.743 190.199 309.26
    P < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
    注:主观评分为两名医生评分合并后结果。
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2024-12-22
  • 修回日期:  2025-03-08
  • 录用日期:  2025-03-09
  • 网络出版日期:  2025-04-05

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