ISSN 1004-4140
CN 11-3017/P

多发性肌炎/皮肌炎非间质性肺病患者肺部定量CT特征分析

黑赫, 杨凯, 何立宇, 盛亚丹, 严雅琪, 朱冰洁, 张妤婷, 佟佳音, 张静平, 金晨望

黑赫, 杨凯, 何立宇, 等. 多发性肌炎/皮肌炎非间质性肺病患者肺部定量CT特征分析[J]. CT理论与应用研究(中英文), 2025, 34(4): 580-588. DOI: 10.15953/j.ctta.2025.114.
引用本文: 黑赫, 杨凯, 何立宇, 等. 多发性肌炎/皮肌炎非间质性肺病患者肺部定量CT特征分析[J]. CT理论与应用研究(中英文), 2025, 34(4): 580-588. DOI: 10.15953/j.ctta.2025.114.
HEI H, YANG K, HE L Y, et al. Quantitative CT Analysis of Lung Features in Patients with Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis without Interstitial Lung Disease[J]. CT Theory and Applications, 2025, 34(4): 580-588. DOI: 10.15953/j.ctta.2025.114. (in Chinese).
Citation: HEI H, YANG K, HE L Y, et al. Quantitative CT Analysis of Lung Features in Patients with Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis without Interstitial Lung Disease[J]. CT Theory and Applications, 2025, 34(4): 580-588. DOI: 10.15953/j.ctta.2025.114. (in Chinese).

多发性肌炎/皮肌炎非间质性肺病患者肺部定量CT特征分析

基金项目: 

陕西省重点研发计划(2021 LL-JB-06)。

详细信息
    作者简介:

    黑赫,女,放射影像学全日制专业型硕士,主要从事呼吸系统疾病定量成像研究,E-mail:ch44253900@stu.xjtu.edu.cn

    通讯作者:

    金晨望✉,男,主任医师、博士生导师,主要研究方向为颅脑磁共振功能成像、呼吸系统疾病定量成像,E-mail:jcw76@163.com

  • 中图分类号: R 563;R 814

Quantitative CT Analysis of Lung Features in Patients with Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis without Interstitial Lung Disease

  • 摘要:

    目的:比较多发性肌炎/皮肌炎(PM/DM)并发间质性肺病(ILD)患者、非ILD(Non-ILD)患者、健康对照组之间肺部定量CT的差异,为PM/DM相关间质性肺疾病的早期诊断提供生物学标记。方法:回顾性收集2014年12月至2023年10月在西安交通大学第一附属医院就诊的PM/DM住院患者391例,入组患者197例,其中ILD患者143例、Non-ILD患者54例,按年龄、性别1∶1配对纳入健康对照人群54例。所有研究对象胸部HRCT图像导入“数字肺”分析平台,测量全肺及各肺叶的肺容积、平均肺密度及肺血管体积等定量CT参数,对比3组在CT定量参数上的差异并行ROC分析。结果:PM/DM-ILD组除右肺上叶外其余肺叶肺容积较PM/DM-Non-ILD组减小,全肺及各肺叶平均密度较PM/DM-Non-ILD组增高,差异具有统计学意义;PM/DM-ILD组全肺、左右肺、双肺下叶血管体积较PM/DM-Non-ILD组减小,差异具有统计学意义;PM/DM-Non-ILD组全肺及各肺叶肺血管体积较健康对照组减小,差异具有统计学意义。ROC分析示右下肺血管体积在鉴别PM/DM-Non-ILD与健康对照及PM/DM-ILD与PM/DM-Non-ILD上具有最大的AUC值。结论:PM/DM-ILD患者、PM/DM-Non-ILD患者与健康对照组之间肺部定量CT特征具有差异,提示定量CT是反映PM/DM患者肺部病损的客观途径;PM/DM-Non-ILD组患者与健康对照组相比肺血管体积明显减少,提示肺血管体积可能是早期诊断PM/DM患者肺部损害的敏感指标。

    Abstract:

    Objective: This study aims to analyze the lung differences between patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and non-interstitial (Non-ILD) diseases related to polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) and healthy controls through quantitative computed tomography (CT) parameters. The objective is to establish a theoretical basis for early diagnosis and timely treatment of the disease. Method: A retrospective collection was conducted on 391 PM/DM patients, from December 2014 to October 2023, at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. A total of 197 patients, including 143 ILD patients and 54 Non-ILD patients, were included in the study cohort. Fifty-four healthy controls were included in a 1∶1 ratio based on age and gender. All chest HRCT images of the study subjects were imported into the “Digital Lung” analysis platform, and quantitative CT parameters such as lung volume, average lung density, and pulmonary vascular volume were measured for the entire lung and each lung lobe. The differences in CT quantitative parameters among the three groups were compared, and ROC analysis was performed. Results: The lung volume in the PM/DM-ILD group decreased compared to the PM/DM-Non-ILD group, except for the right upper lobe. The average density of the entire lung and each lobe increased compared to the PM/DM-Non-ILD group, and the difference was statistically significant; The blood vessel volume of the entire lung, left and right lungs, and lower lobes of both lungs in the PM/DM-ILD group decreased compared to the PM/DM-Non-ILD group, and the difference was statistically significant. The PM/DM-Non-ILD group revealed a statistically significant decrease in the volume of pulmonary blood vessels in all lungs and lobes compared to the healthy control group. ROC analysis showed that the right lower pulmonary vascular volume exhibited the highest AUC value in distinguishing PM/DM-Non-ILD from healthy controls and PM/DM-ILD from PM/DM-Non-ILD. Conclusion: Quantitative CT features of the lungs differ significantly among PM/DM-ILD patients, PM/DM-Non-ILD patients, and healthy control groups, indicating that quantitative CT is an objective and sensitive method for evaluating lung changes in PM/DM patients. Compared with the healthy control group, patients in the PM/DM-Non-ILD group showed a significant decrease in pulmonary vascular volume, indicating that pulmonary vascular volume may be a sensitive indicator for the early detection of pulmonary damage in PM/DM patients.

  • 特发性炎性肌病(idiopathic inflammatory myopathies,IIM),是一组以进行性肌无力为主要临床表现的自身免疫性疾病,其中皮肌炎(dermatomyositis,DM)和多发性肌炎(multiple myositis,PM)是两种主要的亚型[1-2]。间质性肺病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)是PM/DM常见的肺部并发症,其发病率约为23.1%~65.0%,死亡率高达50%[3,4],因此识别PM/DM患者肺部改变,对PM/DM患者诊疗决策和预后有着至关重要的作用。

    现阶段,判断IIM患者是否合并ILD,主要依赖基于主观视觉的影像学胸部HRCT检查[5],而对于影像学特征阴性的患者,则认为未合并ILD[6]。研究表明,虽然PM/DM患者HRCT未见异常,但由于因PM/DM产生的抗体、细胞因子风暴等因素,已造成肺组织的细微结构改变[7-8],只是由于HRCT密度分辨率和主观肉眼识别能力的局限性,影响了PM/DM合并ILD患者的早期识别。既往研究证实定量CT技术对肺部异常改变检出更敏感、客观、精确[7]

    本研究旨在评估IIM患者中ILD、Non-ILD与健康人群在定量CT肺容积、肺密度以及肺血管参数上的差异,为早期识别IIM患者合并ILD提供生物学标记。

    本研究为符合赫尔辛基宣言的回顾性研究,经西安交通大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(XJTUIAF2024 LSYY-268),免去患者签署知情同意书。回顾性收集2014年12月至2023年10月在西安交通大学第一附属医院就诊的PM/DM住院患者391例。

    根据HRCT影像学特征将其分为PM/DM-ILD组及PM/DM-Non-ILD组,为避免不同合并症对定量CT结果的影响,本研究所选择的PM/DM-Non-ILD患者排除了间质性肺病特征、感染、肿瘤、胸廓畸形等任何可能影响肺容积、密度、血管体积的疾病。

    纳入标准:①临床诊断DM/PM:符合1975年Bohan和Peter制定的PM/DM诊断标准[9]以及由欧洲抗风湿联盟(EULAR)和美国风湿病学会(ACR)于2017年提出的诊断标准[10];②HRCT 资料完整,上包肺尖、下包肺底膈肌层面,可经“数字肺”软件处理分析;③ILD诊断参照2013年美国胸科学会/欧洲呼吸病学会(ATS/ERS)标准[11]。排除标准:①重叠性综合征(合并其他CTD);②影像表现为单纯感染患者;合并其他职业病、药物使用所致ILD患者;③既往或当下合并肿瘤患者;④胸廓畸形、肺栓塞等任何可能影响肺容积、密度及肺血管体积的疾病。

    对照组资料收集:收集2022年1月至2024年2月在西安交通大学第一附属医院体检的人群有关资料。

    纳入标准:①PM/DM-Non-ILD组患者的年龄、性别进行1∶1配对;②一般信息及HRCT图像完整。排除标准:①胸廓畸形;②肺部存在感染等影响肺容积、密度、血管的疾病;③既往或当下合并肿瘤的患者。

    HRCT 扫描采用64层及以上CT扫描仪,行吸气相肺尖至肺底CT扫描,患者取仰卧位,于深吸气末屏气扫描。

    扫描参数:管电压120 kpV,自动管电流,矩阵512×512;采用骨算法重建图像,重建层厚1 mm。

    将HRCT图像上传至“数字肺”数据分析平台(Dexin-FACT)分析。具体步骤[12]:①利用自适应边界行进法提取全肺(whole lung,WL)信息;②将WL分割成5个肺叶,即左肺上叶(left upper lobe,LUL)、左肺下叶(left lower lobe,LLL)、右肺上叶(right upper lobe,RUL)、右肺中叶(right middle lobe,RML)及右肺下叶(right lower lobe,RLL);③计算全肺及各肺叶的肺容积、平均肺密度。采用肺血管自动测量模块获得肺血管体积(intrapulmonary vascular volume,IPVV),并自动提取并分割肺血管树(图1),血管分割的具体空间分辨率为1 mm3

    图  1  肺血管可视化
    注:(a)PM/DM-Non-ILD患者肺血管;(b)健康对照肺血管。由图可看出健康对照肺血管体积较PM/DM-Non-ILD患者大,尽管HRCT图像上两者都未出现明显病变。
    Figure  1.  Visualization of pulmonary vascularity

    本研究匹配一位经验丰富的影像科医生对所有分割成功的案例进行评估,排除分割效果不佳的数据15例,保证结果的可靠性。

    采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件进行处理。Shapiro-Wilk检验用于正态假设检验。

    计数资料若符合正态分布,以(平均值±标准差)来表示,使用t检验组间比较;以中位数(上四分位数,下四分位数)表示非正态分布计数资料,组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。计数资料按绝对数表示,组间比较行卡方检验。P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

    对具有统计学差异的定量CT变量行受试者操作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)分析并计算曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)值,判断不同指标区分3组的性能。

    PM/DM-ILD组女性93名,男性50名;PM/DM-Non-ILD组中,女性32名,男性22名。PM/DM女性多于男性,性别、年龄因素在3组间未见统计学差异(表1)。

    表  1  人口学信息
    Table  1.  Demographic information
    项目 组别 统计检验
    PM/DM-ILD
    n=143)
    PM/DM-Non-ILD(n=54) 健康对照
    n=54)
    Pa Pb Pc
    50 22 22 0.378 0.378
    93 32 32
    年龄/岁 54
    (46,63)
    51
    (40,62)
    48
    (41,58)
    0.083 0.083
    注:Pa为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与PM/DM-ILD组统计学差异,Pb为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组统计学差异,Pc为PM/DM-ILD与健康对照组统计学差异。
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    PM/DM-ILD组患者除右肺上叶外,全肺及各肺叶容积均较其余两组减小,差异具有统计学意义。PM/DM-Non-ILD与健康对照组全肺及各肺叶肺容积未见统计学差异(表2)。

    表  2  PM/DM患者及健康对照人群WL及各肺叶肺容积检测结果(mL,MQ1Q3))
    Table  2.  Results of WL and lung volume in each lobe of PM/DM patients and healthy control populations (mL, M(Q1, Q3))
    项目 组别 统计检验
    PM/DM-ILD(n=143) PM/DM-Non-ILD(n=54) 健康对照(n=54) P Pa Pb Pc
    WL 3095.712356.443813.90 4037.373481.565219.65 4367.613910.585118.33 < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RL 1684.901298.732130.54 2254.071900.672784.83 2302.962147.362720.62 < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    LL 1383.091039.281819.33 1844.571545.452411.04 2059.561717.562379.34 < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RUL 773.70(617.43,1012.21 867.21(676.69,1072.21 861.98(743.23,973.54) 0.118
    RML 322.61(226.39,420.58) 418.86(341.18,535.37) 418.89(335.98,506.46) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RLL 545.47(367.62,788.90) 968.89(760.84,1209.84 1117.65(936.14,1254.96 < 0.001 0.001 0.917 < 0.001
    LUL 892.34(683.67,1132.08 1047.66(853.26,1398.61 1043.45(889.32,1280.69 < 0.001 0.005 1.000 0.011
    LLL 492.72(328.20,693.13) 858.63(639.49,1073.65 1034.50(811.00,1132.76 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.343 < 0.001
    注:P为3组间统计学差异,Pa为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与PM/DM-ILD组统计学差异,Pb为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组统计学差异,Pc为PM/DM-ILD与健康对照组统计学差异。
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    PM/DM-ILD组全肺及各肺叶平均密度较高于其余两组,且差异具有统计学意义;PM/DM-Non-ILD组全肺及各肺叶平均密度与健康对照组差异无统计学意义(表3)。

    表  3  PM/DM患者及健康对照人群WL及各肺叶肺密度相关指标比较(HU,MQ1Q3))
    Table  3.  Comparison of WL and lung density related indexes of each lobe between PM/DM patients and healthy control populations (HU, M(Q1, Q3))
    项目 组别 统计检验
    PM/DM-ILD(n=143) PM/DM-Non-ILD(n=54) 健康对照(n=54) P Pa Pb Pc
    WL −767.50(−809.60,−710.77) −814.98(−842.25,−788.08) −826.53(−840.31,−802.15) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RL −772.16(−816.70,−716.29) −817.98(−848.18,−799.17) −827.12(−842.19,−806.59) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    LL −759.08(−801.59,−693.28) −811.81(−842.25,−788.08) −822.20(−837.93,−791.18) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RUL −804.21(−833.00,−761.60) −832.94(−851.85,−812.90) −833.86(−844.24,−812.61) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RML −795.86(−834.03,−737.29) −838.37(−857.78,−819.11) −837.71(−857.75,−819.39) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RLL −706.00(−778.38,−630.13) −800.30(−833.23,−773.74) −810.19(−830.31,−781.53) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    LUL −789.90(−824.08,−739.30) −828.12(−865.27,−809.77) −825.69(−849.88,−799.76) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 0.030
    LLL −704.54(−771.43,−597.10) −788.65(−827.02,−761.50) −801.79(−826.44,−768.86) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    注:P为3组间统计学差异,Pa为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与PM/DM-ILD组统计学差异,Pb为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组统计学差异,Pc为PM/DM-ILD与健康对照组统计学差异。
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    PM/DM-Non-ILD组及PM/DM-ILD组全肺及各肺叶肺血管体积均低于健康对照组,具有统计学差异;PM/DM-ILD组全肺、左右肺及双下肺血管体积较PM/DM-Non-ILD组减小,差异具有统计学意义,两组肺血管在双肺上叶、右肺中叶未见统计学差异。

    3组研究对象的肺血管体积在全肺、左右肺及双下肺血管上差异均有统计学意义。健康对照组右肺下叶肺血管体积大于PM/DM-Non-ILD组,PM/DM-ILD组右肺下叶肺血管体积最小(表4图2)。

    表  4  PM/DM患者及健康对照人群WL及各肺叶IPVV检测结果(mL,MQ1Q3))
    Table  4.  Results of WL and IPVV in each lobe of PM/DM patients and healthy control populations (mL, M(Q1, Q3))
    项目 组别 统计检验
    PM/DM-ILD(n=143) PM/DM-Non-ILD(n=54) Control(n=54) P Pa Pb Pc
    WL 87.30(62.89,124.35) 113.80(76.48,158.84) 182.08(142.73,216.57) < 0.001 0.027 < 0.001 < 0.001
    RL 47.57(35.66,67.80) 61.60(42.16,85.51) 97.36(77.00,115.93) < 0.001 0.023 < 0.001 < 0.001
    LL 42.47(28.65,59.25) 50.66(34.45,73.74) 82.14(66.35,98.57) < 0.001 0.035 < 0.001 < 0.001
    RUL 22.62(14.97,32.17) 20.02(13.73,27.23) 32.15(25.23,39.00) < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001 < 0.001
    RML 7.11(4.50,12.64) 9.57(5.64,14.67) 14.97(11.72,17.87) < 0.001 0.129 < 0.001 < 0.001
    RLL 15.30(6.56,26.73) 31.47(17.65,43.93) 48.69(39.46,58.64) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
    LUL 23.87(16.79,36.40) 26.22(16.33,33.94) 38.93(29.35,46.04) < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001 < 0.001
    LLL 13.93(7.61,25.60) 24.59(15.96,38.80) 43.06(35.60,52.01) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
    注:P为3组间统计学差异,Pa为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与PM/DM-ILD组统计学差异,Pb为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组统计学差异,Pc为PM/DM-ILD与健康对照组统计学差异。
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    图  2  全肺及各肺叶肺血管体积箱图
    注:健康对照组肺血管体积在各肺叶中最大,除双肺上叶、右中叶,PM/DM-ILD组肺血管体积均小于PM/DM-Non-ILD组。
    Figure  2.  Box diagrams illustrating the vascular volume in whole lung and each lobe pulmonary

    针对前文具有统计学差异的定量CT参数,分别对PM/DM-ILD组与PM/DM-Non-ILD组、PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组行ROC分析。

    结果显示3组之间右下肺血管体积均在鉴别上具有最大的AUC值。其中PM/DM-ILD组与PM/DM-Non-ILD组ROC曲线AUC为0.751(95% CI:0.683~0.820),阈值为13.025,约登指数为0.408,敏感度为42.7%,特异度为98.1%;PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组ROC曲线AUC为0.823(95% CI:0.746~0.900),阈值为35.345,约登指数为0.500,敏感度为87.0%,特异度为83.0%(图3表5表6)。

    图  3  ROC分析
    注:(a)PM/DM-ILD组与PM/DM-Non-ILD组ROC分析;(b)PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组ROC分析。
    Figure  3.  Results of the ROC analysis
    表  5  PM/DM-Non-ILD 患者组与PM/DM-ILD患者组的ROC曲线结果分析
    Table  5.  Analysis of ROC curve results between PM/DM-Non-ILD and PM/DM-ILD patients
    肺部区域 AUC 标准误 P 约登指数 敏感度/% 特异度/% 95% CI
    WL 0.641 0.043 < 0.001 0.245 56.6 68.5 0.557~0.727
    RL 0.644 0.043 < 0.001 0.252 56.6 68.5 0.559~0.728
    LL 0.638 0.043 < 0.001 0.210 26.6 94.4 0.554~0.722
    RLL 0.751 0.035 < 0.001 0.408 42.7 98.1 0.683~0.820
    LLL 0.737 0.035 < 0.001 0.406 46.2 94.4 0.667~0.807
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    表  6  PM/DM-Non-ILD 患者组与健康对照组的ROC曲线结果分析
    Table  6.  Analysis of ROC curve results for PM/DM-Non-ILD patients versus healthy controls
    肺部区域 AUC 标准误 P 约登指数 敏感度/% 特异度/% 95% CI
    WL 0.801 0.042 < 0.001 0.4815 92.6 55.6 0.719~0.883
    RL 0.799 0.042 < 0.001 0.4630 92.6 53.7 0.716~0.882
    LL 0.803 0.041 < 0.001 0.4815 92.6 55.6 0.722~0.884
    RUL 0.778 0.045 < 0.001 0.4815 72.2 75.9 0.689~0.867
    RML 0.737 0.048 < 0.001 0.3889 98.1 40.7 0.642~0.831
    RLL 0.823 0.039 < 0.001 0.5000 87.0 63.0 0.746~0.900
    LUL 0.777 0.044 < 0.001 0.4259 70.4 72.2 0.690~0.863
    LLL 0.814 0.041 < 0.001 0.5741 90.7 66.7 0.734~0.895
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    PM/DM常累及肺部组织,病变侵犯肺间质和肺泡腔,最终引起肺间质慢性进行性炎症,导致肺泡−毛细血管功能丧失,损害患者心肺功能,故肺部病变的存在严重影响到患者的预后[13]

    定量CT作为HRCT的扩展,近年来在肺部CT影像学检查评估中的优势逐渐显现。定量CT是利用计算机体层成像来测定某一感兴趣区内特殊组织的某一化学成分含量的方法。在肺部疾病中运用定量CT可以更加清晰的量化病灶密度、范围[14]以及病灶范围内血管数量、体积[15],进而对ILD严重程度进行分级[16],分析患者预后[17]

    本研究通过定量CT方法分析PM/DM合并ILD患者、Non-ILD患者肺部影像特征与健康对照者之间的差异,发现3组患者肺部影像特征具有差异,PM/DM-Non-ILD组患者与健康对照组相比肺血管体积明显减少,提示肺血管体积可能是早期诊断PM/DM患者肺部损害的敏感指标。

    PM/DM-ILD患者平均年龄为53.54岁,PM/DM-Non-ILD患者平均年龄为50.06岁,女性占比均多于男性,这些基本特征与之前的研究报道一致[18]。PM/DM-ILD组肺容积较PM/DM-Non-ILD组减少,肺密度明显增高,与先前研究结果相近[19],这可以解释为在自身免疫炎症作用下肺部出现了不可逆纤维化[20]、小气道受损[21]和慢性炎性渗出[22]

    肺血管的改变是PM/DM-ILD肺部损伤的主要表现之一。肺部血管改变可作为结缔组织相关ILD的良好生物学指标[7]。定量CT可实现在三维图像中显示并量化肺血管[12]。基于此,我们分析了PM/DM-ILD组和PM/DM-Non-ILD组的肺部血管特征。

    我们的研究显示,PM/DM-Non-ILD组与PM/DM-ILD组患者的全肺血管体积弥漫性减少,表明PM/DM患者发生了广泛性肺血管损伤。有研究表明,ILD肺部病变区域可出现血管内皮细胞的缺失与成纤维细胞的激活[23-24],这可能会导致肺血管的重塑[25]

    IIM常伴随免疫系统失衡[26],一方面PM/DM导致的自身免疫复合物沉积于肺血管内膜可能会直接损伤血管内皮细胞,使肺血管数量及体积减小[27];另一方面,IIM可出现Th1、Th2细胞通路的激活[28],而Th2所释放的IL-4等细胞因子可加剧内皮细胞的损伤,是驱动肺血管重塑的因素[29]。此外,成纤维细胞分泌的细胞外基质、疾病本身所致的炎症反应及炎性分泌物可能会损伤并阻塞外周气道,影响肺通气,导致低氧血症[30],这可能间接加重了血管内皮细胞的损伤。

    除IIM-ILD/IIM-Non-ILD外,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)中也可观察到肺血管的异常[31]。尽管COPD同样可出现肺血管的减少,疾病表现出的特征及机制却有所不同。COPD 早期阶段肺血管重塑主要发生在肺动脉,随着COPD病情加重,外周小动脉体积缩小,而较大肺动脉体积增大;而晚期阶段主要发生在肺静脉,肺静脉体积缩小与肺功能测试和肺气肿严重程度在一定程度上相关[32]。缺氧是导致COPD血管重塑的主要因素,肺气肿所致的炎性微环境及缺氧损伤肺血管内皮细胞,从而导致外周血管体积缩小、数目减少[33];外周小血管的修剪会使血流潴留于较大血管,致使其体积增大,甚至肺动脉高压,即代偿性重塑[34]

    肺血管异常可出现于这些肺部疾病之前[35],表明血管异常在疾病的发生和进展中可能起着更核心的作用。我们的研究数据中,PM/DM-ILD组双下肺血管体积较PM/DM-Non-ILD组下降,这可能与ILD患者肺部异常改变多发生于肺的基底部[36]有关。PM/DM-ILD组和PM/DM-Non-ILD组双肺上叶、右肺中叶肺血管体积未见明显差异,可能因为肺基底部的毛细血管床的破坏可能会导致血流优先流向肺病变少的区域[17]

    对于PM/DM-Non-ILD组,其全肺及各肺叶肺血管体积较健康对照组减小,提示尽管PM/DM患者未发生ILD,但是其可能已经出现肺血管损伤。ROC分析显示右肺下叶肺血管体积改变在鉴别PM/DM-Non-ILD与健康对照组上有着良好的效能。首先ILD常先累积双肺下叶,双肺下叶肺血管体积可能因纤维化、炎性改变而更易减小[17];其次,这可能与重力因素也有一定关系,双肺下叶肺血管血容量较上叶增多,血中大量抗原抗体复合物及通气−血流失衡更易导致的肺血管损伤[28];故肺下叶血管体积改变更为敏感。研究结果表明定量CT参数对于PM/DM-ILD患者早期肺脏病理改变的敏感性更高,且定量CT下肺血管体积的测量是评估PM/DM患者早期肺损伤的一种高效途径。

    总的来说,定量CT克服了传统HRCT较难对肺血管的改变进行准确评估与量化的缺点,定量CT的使用能更好帮助临床医生发现PM/DM患者早期肺部异常改变,评估病情的进展情况,为临床干预提供参考。

    本研究表明,PM/DM-ILD患者、PM/DM-Non-ILD患者与健康对照组之间肺部定量CT特征具有差异,其中PM/DM-Non-ILD组患者与健康对照组相比肺血管体积明显减少,提示肺血管体积可能是早期诊断PM/DM患者肺部损害的敏感指标。

    本研究存在一定的局限性。本研究未具体探讨肺动脉、肺静脉及不同直径肺血管与PM/DM肺部改变的关系,后续将拓展新方法进一步分析研究;因研究对象均来自西安交通大学第一附属医院住院患者,其病情更严重,故本研究Non-ILD患者数据量较少,后续研究需要扩大样本量;此外本研究未纳入肺功能指标,与PM/DM患者缺失肺功能数据以及严重ILD患者肺功数据准确性欠佳有关;最后,本研究为回顾性、单中心研究,对肺血管改变与PM/DM之间因果关系论述欠佳,且结果可能存在选择偏倚,后续需进行多中心分析、前瞻性研究,减少选择偏移。

  • 图  1   肺血管可视化

    注:(a)PM/DM-Non-ILD患者肺血管;(b)健康对照肺血管。由图可看出健康对照肺血管体积较PM/DM-Non-ILD患者大,尽管HRCT图像上两者都未出现明显病变。

    Figure  1.   Visualization of pulmonary vascularity

    图  2   全肺及各肺叶肺血管体积箱图

    注:健康对照组肺血管体积在各肺叶中最大,除双肺上叶、右中叶,PM/DM-ILD组肺血管体积均小于PM/DM-Non-ILD组。

    Figure  2.   Box diagrams illustrating the vascular volume in whole lung and each lobe pulmonary

    图  3   ROC分析

    注:(a)PM/DM-ILD组与PM/DM-Non-ILD组ROC分析;(b)PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组ROC分析。

    Figure  3.   Results of the ROC analysis

    表  1   人口学信息

    Table  1   Demographic information

    项目 组别 统计检验
    PM/DM-ILD
    n=143)
    PM/DM-Non-ILD(n=54) 健康对照
    n=54)
    Pa Pb Pc
    50 22 22 0.378 0.378
    93 32 32
    年龄/岁 54
    (46,63)
    51
    (40,62)
    48
    (41,58)
    0.083 0.083
    注:Pa为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与PM/DM-ILD组统计学差异,Pb为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组统计学差异,Pc为PM/DM-ILD与健康对照组统计学差异。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   PM/DM患者及健康对照人群WL及各肺叶肺容积检测结果(mL,MQ1Q3))

    Table  2   Results of WL and lung volume in each lobe of PM/DM patients and healthy control populations (mL, M(Q1, Q3))

    项目 组别 统计检验
    PM/DM-ILD(n=143) PM/DM-Non-ILD(n=54) 健康对照(n=54) P Pa Pb Pc
    WL 3095.712356.443813.90 4037.373481.565219.65 4367.613910.585118.33 < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RL 1684.901298.732130.54 2254.071900.672784.83 2302.962147.362720.62 < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    LL 1383.091039.281819.33 1844.571545.452411.04 2059.561717.562379.34 < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RUL 773.70(617.43,1012.21 867.21(676.69,1072.21 861.98(743.23,973.54) 0.118
    RML 322.61(226.39,420.58) 418.86(341.18,535.37) 418.89(335.98,506.46) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RLL 545.47(367.62,788.90) 968.89(760.84,1209.84 1117.65(936.14,1254.96 < 0.001 0.001 0.917 < 0.001
    LUL 892.34(683.67,1132.08 1047.66(853.26,1398.61 1043.45(889.32,1280.69 < 0.001 0.005 1.000 0.011
    LLL 492.72(328.20,693.13) 858.63(639.49,1073.65 1034.50(811.00,1132.76 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.343 < 0.001
    注:P为3组间统计学差异,Pa为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与PM/DM-ILD组统计学差异,Pb为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组统计学差异,Pc为PM/DM-ILD与健康对照组统计学差异。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   PM/DM患者及健康对照人群WL及各肺叶肺密度相关指标比较(HU,MQ1Q3))

    Table  3   Comparison of WL and lung density related indexes of each lobe between PM/DM patients and healthy control populations (HU, M(Q1, Q3))

    项目 组别 统计检验
    PM/DM-ILD(n=143) PM/DM-Non-ILD(n=54) 健康对照(n=54) P Pa Pb Pc
    WL −767.50(−809.60,−710.77) −814.98(−842.25,−788.08) −826.53(−840.31,−802.15) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RL −772.16(−816.70,−716.29) −817.98(−848.18,−799.17) −827.12(−842.19,−806.59) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    LL −759.08(−801.59,−693.28) −811.81(−842.25,−788.08) −822.20(−837.93,−791.18) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RUL −804.21(−833.00,−761.60) −832.94(−851.85,−812.90) −833.86(−844.24,−812.61) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RML −795.86(−834.03,−737.29) −838.37(−857.78,−819.11) −837.71(−857.75,−819.39) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    RLL −706.00(−778.38,−630.13) −800.30(−833.23,−773.74) −810.19(−830.31,−781.53) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    LUL −789.90(−824.08,−739.30) −828.12(−865.27,−809.77) −825.69(−849.88,−799.76) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 0.030
    LLL −704.54(−771.43,−597.10) −788.65(−827.02,−761.50) −801.79(−826.44,−768.86) < 0.001 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
    注:P为3组间统计学差异,Pa为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与PM/DM-ILD组统计学差异,Pb为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组统计学差异,Pc为PM/DM-ILD与健康对照组统计学差异。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   PM/DM患者及健康对照人群WL及各肺叶IPVV检测结果(mL,MQ1Q3))

    Table  4   Results of WL and IPVV in each lobe of PM/DM patients and healthy control populations (mL, M(Q1, Q3))

    项目 组别 统计检验
    PM/DM-ILD(n=143) PM/DM-Non-ILD(n=54) Control(n=54) P Pa Pb Pc
    WL 87.30(62.89,124.35) 113.80(76.48,158.84) 182.08(142.73,216.57) < 0.001 0.027 < 0.001 < 0.001
    RL 47.57(35.66,67.80) 61.60(42.16,85.51) 97.36(77.00,115.93) < 0.001 0.023 < 0.001 < 0.001
    LL 42.47(28.65,59.25) 50.66(34.45,73.74) 82.14(66.35,98.57) < 0.001 0.035 < 0.001 < 0.001
    RUL 22.62(14.97,32.17) 20.02(13.73,27.23) 32.15(25.23,39.00) < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001 < 0.001
    RML 7.11(4.50,12.64) 9.57(5.64,14.67) 14.97(11.72,17.87) < 0.001 0.129 < 0.001 < 0.001
    RLL 15.30(6.56,26.73) 31.47(17.65,43.93) 48.69(39.46,58.64) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
    LUL 23.87(16.79,36.40) 26.22(16.33,33.94) 38.93(29.35,46.04) < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001 < 0.001
    LLL 13.93(7.61,25.60) 24.59(15.96,38.80) 43.06(35.60,52.01) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
    注:P为3组间统计学差异,Pa为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与PM/DM-ILD组统计学差异,Pb为PM/DM-Non-ILD组与健康对照组统计学差异,Pc为PM/DM-ILD与健康对照组统计学差异。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5   PM/DM-Non-ILD 患者组与PM/DM-ILD患者组的ROC曲线结果分析

    Table  5   Analysis of ROC curve results between PM/DM-Non-ILD and PM/DM-ILD patients

    肺部区域 AUC 标准误 P 约登指数 敏感度/% 特异度/% 95% CI
    WL 0.641 0.043 < 0.001 0.245 56.6 68.5 0.557~0.727
    RL 0.644 0.043 < 0.001 0.252 56.6 68.5 0.559~0.728
    LL 0.638 0.043 < 0.001 0.210 26.6 94.4 0.554~0.722
    RLL 0.751 0.035 < 0.001 0.408 42.7 98.1 0.683~0.820
    LLL 0.737 0.035 < 0.001 0.406 46.2 94.4 0.667~0.807
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6   PM/DM-Non-ILD 患者组与健康对照组的ROC曲线结果分析

    Table  6   Analysis of ROC curve results for PM/DM-Non-ILD patients versus healthy controls

    肺部区域 AUC 标准误 P 约登指数 敏感度/% 特异度/% 95% CI
    WL 0.801 0.042 < 0.001 0.4815 92.6 55.6 0.719~0.883
    RL 0.799 0.042 < 0.001 0.4630 92.6 53.7 0.716~0.882
    LL 0.803 0.041 < 0.001 0.4815 92.6 55.6 0.722~0.884
    RUL 0.778 0.045 < 0.001 0.4815 72.2 75.9 0.689~0.867
    RML 0.737 0.048 < 0.001 0.3889 98.1 40.7 0.642~0.831
    RLL 0.823 0.039 < 0.001 0.5000 87.0 63.0 0.746~0.900
    LUL 0.777 0.044 < 0.001 0.4259 70.4 72.2 0.690~0.863
    LLL 0.814 0.041 < 0.001 0.5741 90.7 66.7 0.734~0.895
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2025-03-28
  • 修回日期:  2025-05-18
  • 录用日期:  2025-05-26
  • 网络出版日期:  2025-06-05
  • 刊出日期:  2025-07-04

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