Abstract: Since its inception over 100 years ago, modern seismology has played a key role in revealing Earth’s layered internal structure and three-dimensional architecture, providing crucial information for studying the planet’s evolution. However, seismology reflects only the current conditions of Earth’s interior, whereas the planet itself is in a state of continuous dynamic evolution, constituting a key contradiction in our understanding of actual plate tectonics. Under specific tectonic and stress conditions, Earth’s crust and mantle undergo deformation, causing their physical properties to vary along different directions, a phenomenon known as anisotropy. Measurements of anisotropy provide information on past tectonic deformation and can be used to infer the stress state in the interior of Earth, thereby predicting its future evolution. Therefore, using seismology to study the anisotropy of Earth’s interior provides important constraints for revealing its dynamic processes and evolutionary patterns. In this review, we summarize the main methods used to study seismic anisotropy. In particular, we outline the technical characteristics of the methods, highlight their significant contributions to the study of Earth’s internal structure and dynamics, and focus on advances in anisotropic imaging. Additionally, we discuss the future perspective of a potential major shift from “Earth CT” to “Earth MRI” in imaging technology, which should offer new tools for more accurately constraining Earth’s internal evolution.