Abstract: Radiological diagnostic examinations such as computed tomography (CT) and digital radiography (DR) have become essential in the management of pediatric diseases. These tools are widely used in pediatric trauma, oncology, developmental anomalies, and congenital disorders. However, the ionizing radiation associated with these procedures can pose significant risks to young patients. Owing to the unique physiological characteristics of children, their sensitivity to ionizing radiation is greater than that of adults, making pediatric radiation protection a critical concern. Although maintaining high image quality is crucial, the principle of “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA) must be rigorously applied. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the latest literature and data on the use of radiological diagnostic techniques in pediatric disease management, highlighting radiation risks and current research trends. We aim to provide evidence-based insights that can guide future research and inform clinical practice.