Advances in CT and MRI Monitoring of Crohn's Disease
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摘要:
克罗恩病是一种病程长、演变复杂且累及范围广的疾病,活动期与缓解期交替,严重影响患者生活质量。如何准确、全面地识别、评估疾病的发生、发展和转归,比如是否处于活动期、肠管狭窄性质、有无其他系统病变等,对指导治疗尤其重要;仅依赖临床指标或内镜检查的评价方式,存在缺陷,影像学的监测作用不应忽视。本文将重点阐述CT与MRI在监测克罗恩病活动性、纤维化、肠腔狭窄、瘘管与脓肿、消化道外病变中的价值,介绍相关的新技术应用现状。
Abstract:Crohn's disease, with alternating phases of activity and remission holds the characteristics of a long course, complex evolution and extensive involvement,, which have a huge impact on the life quality of patients. How to accurately and comprehensively identify and assess the onset, progression and regression of the disease, such as whether it is in the active phase, the nature of intestinal strictures, and the presence of other systemic lesions, is particularly important to guide treatment. Evaluation modalities that rely solely on clinical indicators or endoscopy are increasingly recognized as flawed by studies. With increased disease awareness and rapid development of examination modalities, the role of medical imaging in this disease cannot be ignored. In this paper we will focus on the value of CT and MRI for monitoring Crohn's disease in active, fibrosis, intestinal luminal strictures, abscess/fistulas, and extragastrointestinal lesions, and also introduce the application of related advanced technologies.
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Keywords:
- Crohn's disease /
- activity /
- fibrosis /
- CT /
- MRI
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克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD),是一种病因不明、可广泛累及各段消化道甚至全身多系统的慢性炎性肉芽肿性疾病,其起病隐匿,活动期与缓解期交替,迁延不愈,在其发生、发展、转归过程中,除了该病复杂的鉴别诊断外,活动性、纤维化、肠腔狭窄、瘘管与脓肿、消化道外病变等均需密切监测。因此结合临床症状、体征动态变化,肠镜、活检、影像学检查、实验室检查等常需反复进行。
随着计算机断层成像(computed tomography,CT)、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)等多种影像学检查技术对CD的应用及研究探索,影像学在CD各诊治阶段中均发挥越来越大的监测价值。
1. CT与MRI对CD活动性监测
1.1 CD活动性相关量化评分
CD活动性是临床是否干预、判断治疗终点等决策的重要依据,以医生主观印象为依据的诊断模式,在不同观察者间存在较大差别,阻碍病情的有效交流,因此量化评估CD活动性显得尤为必要。目前评价方法主要包括4类:第1类为基于临床的克罗恩病活动指数(Crohn’s disease activity index,CDAI)和Harvey Bradshaw指数(harvey bradshaw index,HBI);第2类为基于内镜的内镜下克罗恩病严重指数(Crohn’s disease endoscopic index of severity,CDEIS);第3类则为影像学相关指数,分为超声相关的limberg评分、CT相关的CT肠道成像定量评分[1]、MRI相关MaRIA评分、Clermont评分、London评分等;此外,还有一类综合临床、手术、内窥镜和影像学的Lemann指数 (lemann index,LI)。
由于临床症状的评价并不总是与病情完全对应,内镜因只能观察黏膜表面而价值受限,比如有研究对1471例CD患者进行内镜检查,发现在112例内镜阴性、88例内镜及活检均为阴性患者中,有44例MR或CT检查时发现中度-重度炎症[2]。因此,规范化、标准化且纳入影像学项目的评分在CD评价中不可或缺。
目前影像学评分多样,Rimlia等[3]对42名患者的回顾性研究发现,MaRIA评分、Clermont评分、London评分在分辨CD活动性时,ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.92、0.84和0.85,同时在溃疡评价中,MaRIA具有最高的检出率,作者指出对于评价CD活动性与严重程度,MaRIA可操作性最佳,更适合开展临床运用,建议以11.6为MaRIA诊断严重疾病的最佳截断点,Williet等[4]认为,MaRIA<7、sMaRIA<1(简化版MaRIA)、Clermont评分<8.5提示CD严重程度缓解。Nunzia团队[5]在探索去除动态对比增强(dynamic contrast enhanced,DCE)的sMaRIA评分中,发现其诊断CD活动性AUC为0.92、诊断溃疡AUC为0.93,仍有相当诊断价值,这对于肾功能不全等患者来说具有巨大临床意义。法国的一项研究[6]将肠壁厚度、DCE、T2WI、DWI、水肿、溃疡和病变节段长度等项目综合,开发了Monitor指数,在预测活动性及复发性方面具有可靠价值。其中对于病变长度测量,Brouquet等[7]研究发现影像学可准确(误差小于5 cm)识别CD回结肠段受累肠管长度,但范围大于20 cm时容易高估,测量结果不可信。
LI升高与患者整体生活质量下降密切相关[8],这可能表明LI能更全面评价CD患者总体情况。虽然以上各种评分提供了定量化诊断思路,但仍忽略一些其他潜在影响项目,比如MaRIA未纳入弥散加权成像序列、London评分未纳入溃疡数量等,因此,建议对评分系统进行综合应用。
1.2 CD活动性其他影像学定量评价方法
近年来一些研究发现,体素内不相干运动 (intravoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)、T2WI序列,双能CT虚拟单能量图像(virtual monoenergetic images,VMI)、碘密度等对CD活动性定量评价具有开发价值。多项研究[9-10]认为IVIM有无创定量评价CD活动性能力。Scott团队[11]探索T2WI与肠壁通透性的相关性,以口服吲哚美辛刺激引起小肠炎症,分别测量小肠炎症和正常组T2值,两组T2±标准差(standard deviation,SD)分别为(0.115±0.063)s和(0.070±0.036)s,P<0.05,该项研究表明小肠壁T2值可以作为敏感的肠壁渗透性生物标志物,定量评估肠壁炎症活动程度,该结论有待更大样本来研究进一步验证,以获得更为稳定的评价结果。
双能量CT小肠造影在CD患者评估中亦有重要价值,Lee等[12]发现VMI中40 keV结合常规图像后,相较常规图像,对CD活动性的诊断效能,AUC由0.891提高到0.951。Gulet等[13]对61名患者的回顾性研究也肯定了VMI价值。关于碘密度应用,纽约大学Dane等[14]对22例CD患者进行回顾性分析,分别测量活动性肠管、正常肠管最大碘浓度(Imax)、最小碘浓度(Imin)及加权碘浓度(Iweighted),结果显示,介于Imax与Imin之间的区域与疾病活动性区域明显相关,利用彩色图像模拟可直观评估活动性范围,2 mg/mL可作为CD活动性的阈值,在22例患者中所有Imin大于2.6 mg/mL,Iweighted大于3.3 mg/mL,或Imax大于4.7 mg/mL的病例均具有临床活动性,其中Imin在日常临床实践中最具应用价值。该作者的另一项研究认为[15],碘浓度与CDAI有相似能力,可预测患者临床管理变化,比如门诊用药、住院或手术治疗。其他相关研究[16]指出CD受累节段的平均碘密度范围为1.0~3.3 mg/mL,除评价活动性外,治疗后碘浓度的变化,与疗效存在相关性。
2. CT与MRI对纤维化及狭窄的监测
在CD的长期病程中,相当一部分患者出现肠壁纤维化及狭窄,目前大多数研究将其分为炎症狭窄、纤维化狭窄以及混合狭窄,如何采用无创方式识别是否存在纤维化,对临床治疗意义重大。目前影像学主要集中于MRI研究,其中表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)、磁化转移成像(magnetization transfer imaging,MTI)、弥散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis imaging,DKI)、磁共振实时弹性成像(magnetic resonance real-time elastography,MRE)、DCE等显示出监测价值,在评价效能方面,有研究对90个标本进行ADC值测量,结果显示[17],非纤维化肠壁的ADC值显著高于轻度、中度、重度纤维化患者:(1.53±0.27)×10-3 mm2/s vs.(1.19±0.30)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.20±0.24)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.06±0.22)×10-3 mm2/s,研究同时发现,随着T2信号增高,ADC值评价纤维化能力减弱。
基于T2WI高信号CD患者,有学者发现DKI派生的表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion Gaussian distribution,Dapp)和表观扩散峰度(apparent kurtosis coefficient,Kapp)对检测纤维化意义更大,Kapp可以区分轻、中、重度肠纤维化,其敏感性、特异性分别为:0.959和0.781,在该研究纳入的参数中,纤维化检测能力排序为:Kapp>Dapp>ADC值>T2WI≈DCE,其中T2WI及DCE与纤维化没有确定相关性,但T2WI可以准确区分无、轻度、中度至重度肠炎,AUC为0.724,且发现其他几项参数与炎症程度相关性均较低(ADC值消除纤维化因素后)。作者提出,Kapp≥0.775的狭窄以纤维化为主,T2WI高信号(高于正常肠壁)则狭窄以炎性为主,两个参数均高,提示混合狭窄[18]。
杜金芳等[19]在列线图预测CD纤维化研究中,得出Kapp值、Dapp值、ADC值与纤维化相关,相关系数(correlation coefficient)分别为0.721、-0.483和-0.445。Fang等[20]提出MTI也可区分纤维化,AUC达0.964,同时研究得出肠壁厚度、DCE、T2WI与纤维化没有明显相关性,但对炎症程度评价性能较好,印证了上一项研究的部分结论,认为T2WI高信号狭窄以炎性为主,MT>31.25% 的狭窄以纤维化为主,若两者均较高,则混合型狭窄可能性较大。Meng等[21]认为,在MTI的3个参数(standardized MTR、MTR、normalized MTR)中,standardized MTR对纤维化的评估性能最佳,除了上述方法之外,MRI实时弹性成像和延迟增强磁共振成像,对肠管纤维化也有良好评估能力,两者效能相当[22]。
小肠狭窄(small bowel strictures,SBS)有多种诊断方法,比如CT或多个MRI序列观察到恒定狭窄,MRI电影肠壁运动减弱[23],爬行脂肪探测等。目前影像诊断学普遍认为,管腔狭窄伴有明确的上游肠管扩张才能诊断SBS,然而Stocker等[24]回顾性研究了111名接受CT小肠造影和/或MR小肠造影的CD患者,由两名不知道病理结果的诊断医师R1、R2评估,分别以“狭窄”和“狭窄伴有扩张”为诊断标准,以病理结果为金标准,分别计算灵敏度(“狭窄”:R1 82.1%,R2 77.9%;“狭窄伴有扩张”:R1 62.1%,R2 65.3%;P<0.0001)和特异度(均为R1 96.7%,R2,93.3%),发现以“狭窄”为诊断标准,敏感性提高,差异有统计学意义,且特异性相同,因此,作者指出,单独的狭窄而无需确切上游肠管扩张,即可用于诊断SBS。然而这并不能完全否定上游肠管扩张这一征象的意义,在一项手术相关的MRI小肠造影特征的研究中发现[25],近端肠管直径≥3cm、狭窄肠壁厚度≥1cm和狭窄长度>5cm,是手术治疗的强力预测因素。
另外,有研究认为[26],SBS与肠管周围包裹的爬行脂肪相关,肠系膜爬行脂肪指数(mesenteric creeping fat index,MCFI)大于4时,即脂肪包裹肠管超过半圈时,预示着中重度炎性SBS,Feng等[27]研究发现双能CT特征性曲线可以检测爬行脂肪。
3. CT与MRI对瘘管与脓肿的监测
脓肿与瘘管是CD患者常见的并发症,由于CD终身发病的倾向,应该严格把握手术适应证。Cosnes等[28]对1199例患者行20年的随访研究发现,60%患者出现狭窄或穿透性并发症。有学者认为[29],脓肿大小超过6 cm 可作为肠切除参考值,脓肿经皮引流术可以缓解急性症状,但并不能避免将来进行肠切除,除肠道纤维化外,肠壁厚度、病灶长度和相关的肠梗阻也是预测手术相关危险因素,多种征象联合评估意义更大。
目前治疗评估中,大多数临床医生认为,瘘管停止排出分泌物即愈合,但有研究发现[2],延长治疗直到MRI证实的瘘管完全愈合可能会改善预后,降低复发率,且对怀疑瘘管形成患者,推荐进行多方位MRI扫描,以提高病灶检出。
4. CT与MRI对消化道以外病变的监测
越来越多研究认为,CD可累及全身多个系统,主要包括关节、眼睛、皮肤、肝脏、胆道、肺等,且发生率并不低。在一项纳入1764例炎症性肠病患者的亚洲跨国研究中,199例发生了肠外病变,且CD患者肠外病变发生率更高[30]。关节受累在肠外发病中最常见[31],临床上对发生于肠外器官的CD认识不足,以骶髂关节炎为例,其与强直性脊柱炎密切相关;Kelly等[32]对316例确诊为炎症性肠病的患者研究发现,CD和溃疡性结肠炎的骶髂关节炎患病率相当,16%的患者早期骶髂关节炎未及时发现,延迟诊断的部分患者进展为强直性脊柱炎,得到早期诊断的患者,通过治疗改变了疾病进程,因此我们支持对高危患者进行针对性早期影像学筛查。
在CD患者的肺部表现中,大部分患者无临床症状,而肺功能检查异常,影像学表现多样,包括支气管扩张、纤维化,肺泡炎、肉芽肿性细支气管炎等,在无症状的患者中发现了小叶中心结节、“树芽征”[33]。CD患者腹部CT罕见征象包括:肝窦扩张、血栓、原发性硬化性胆管炎、异常部位的瘘管、肝和脾脓肿等[34]。
5. 小结
CT与MRI对CD活动性、纤维化与狭窄、瘘管与脓肿、消化道外病变的监测,逐渐趋向定量化、规范化,一些传统观念亦在更新,比如对狭窄肠管诊断倾向无需确定上游肠管扩张,MRI确定治疗终点与内镜相比可减少CD复发,弥补临床对消化道外CD认识不足等;与传统影像检查技术相比,新技术 (包括双能CT相关VMI、碘密度,MRI相关IVIM、DKI、MTI、MRE等) 具有独特优势,亟待更多研究与验证。
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1. 蔡冬梅,王成达,吴文娟,花纯香. MRI小肠造影在克罗恩病诊断的应用. 中国CT和MRI杂志. 2023(08): 142-145 . 百度学术
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