Application of Ambient Noise and Dense Seismic Array Imaging Techniques in Goaf Detection Beneath Coal Mines at Haerwusu
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摘要: 未知煤矿采空区是煤矿安全生产的巨大隐患，探测煤矿采空区的位置和形态对于保障煤矿安全生产具有重要意义，因此煤矿采空区探测是煤矿安全生产的关键内容之一。目前采空区探测方法较多，但存在成本高、周期长、效率低等问题。近些年来随着密集台阵观测技术的快速发展，背景噪声成像分析在浅层结构探测方面也得到了广泛应用。本文采用基于节点地震仪密集台阵观测和背景噪声成像技术，在内蒙古哈尔乌素露天煤矿区附近布设的145个台站，台间距为16 m，开展为期10 d的连续观测，利用背景噪声成像技术对煤矿采空区进行成像分析。结果表明：①通过背景噪声、ESPAC等方法获得探测区的橫波速度结构，背景噪声探测方法可以较好地圈划出测区内的横波低速异常体；②根据横波低速区域分布特征获得采空区潜在位置，与钻孔验证揭示的采空区位置吻合较好，验证该方法勾画采空区的良好效果。相关成果显示，利用地表密集地震台阵观测开展背景噪声成像并结合ESPAC方法进行数据处理是进行露天矿采空区探测的一种经济、有效的手段，具有广泛的应用前景。Abstract: The unknown goaf in coal mines poses a potential danger to coal mine safety production. Hence, detecting its location and shape is very important to ensure coal mine safety production. Although numerous methods are currently available for detecting goafs, they are expensive, inefficient, and have a long cycle. In recent years, with the rapid development of dense array observation technology, the ambient noise imaging technique has been widely used in near surface structure detection. In this study, we used the dense array observation based on the nodal seismometers and ambient noise imaging technology for goaf detection in the Haerwusu open-pit coal mine. We deployed 145 stations with 16 m spacing for 10 consecutive days. Our results show that: (1) The VS anomalies were well constrained using the ambient noise imaging and ESPAC methods. (2) Potential locations of the goaf were detected based on the distribution of the low VS regions. After verification by drilling, the locations showed accurate correspondence with the positions revealed by the borehole, which proves the validity of this method for goaf detection. Our study shows that the dense seismic array technique for ambient noise imaging is an economic and effective means of conducting goaf detection in open-pit mines and the technique has a wide range of applications.
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Key words:
- ambient noise /
- dense seismic array /
- passive source /
- ESPAC /
- goaf detection
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图 2 哈尔乌素露天煤矿现场（部分）无人机正射影像及布设位置示意图
图中红色图标为节点式地震仪，蓝色图标为智能节点仪器。
Figure 2. Satellite image of the Haerwusu coal mine and locations of the seismic arrays
图 4 测区背景噪声层析成像的水平向切片结果
Figure 4. Horizontal cross-sections of the tomographic images in our study region
图 5 测区按测线方向层析成像的垂向切片结果
图中实线表示钻孔位置在测线上，虚线表示钻孔位置在测线附近；紫色线表示测区原有钻孔，红色线表示本次探测后打的钻孔。
Figure 5. Vertical cross-sections of the tomographic images along the survey lines in our study region
图 6 综合探测的低速区域空间分布
Figure 6. 3D view of the low velocity anomalies beneath our study region from the joint inversions of the ambient noise and ESPAC
图 7 测区布局及下方采空区分布
图中S1-S7线测线方向均为从左向右，从上向下。
Figure 7. Map of the gob areas and survey lines in our study region
表 1 测区地层特征
Table 1. Geological features of our study region
系 组 代号 厚度/m 主要岩性 第四系 Q 0～90.68 土黄色粉砂质黄土、风积沙、冲洪积物 第三系 N2 0～59.48 红色、棕红色钙质红土层，含砂质及钙质结核 二叠系 上石盒子组 P2 s 最大厚49.19 上部为绛紫色泥岩、砂质泥岩、粉砂岩与灰白黄绿色砂岩互层。下部为灰白、黄绿色中、粗砂岩 下石盒子组 P1 x 30.3～99.1 上部以黄绿色、紫色泥岩、砂质泥岩为主
下部为黄褐色砂岩和紫色、杂色泥岩、粘土岩互层山西组 P1 s 30.7～97.8 灰白和黄褐色长石、石英砂岩、灰白和灰黑色细、粗砂岩、砂质泥岩和粘土岩、深灰色和灰白色中粗粒砂岩。为本区主要含煤地层，含1、2、3、4、5号煤层 石炭系 太原组 C3 t 37.9～115.9 黑灰色砂质泥岩、粘土岩及多层砂岩和煤层；为本区主要含煤地层，含煤七层：6上、6、6下、8、9、9下、10号煤。6上煤层为不稳定煤层，6号煤层为巨厚煤层，厚0.40～39.54 m，除浅部风化变薄外，全区可采 本溪组 C2 b 7.9～33.4 深灰色、灰黑色砂泥岩、泥岩、粘土岩，褐灰色灰岩、灰色泥灰岩，偶夹1～2层薄煤层。泥灰岩中含海相生物化石；下部为浅灰、暗紫色铝土岩和铝质粘土岩 奥陶系 马家沟组 O2 m >200 上部以浅灰色石灰岩；中部为土黄色灰岩、豹皮状灰岩，含较多的砂质、泥质；下部为浅黄色、黄色白云质灰岩夹薄层状泥质、钙质白云岩 亮甲山组 O1 L 
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