Clinical and Imaging Analysis of Patients with Severe and Critical Coronavirus Disease 2019 with Different Prognosis
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摘要: 目的:分析不同预后的重型及危重型新冠肺炎患者影像及临床资料,为临床决策提供帮助。方法:收集重型及危重型新冠肺炎患者的临床资料和胸部CT,临床资料包括:血常规、C反应蛋白、降钙素原(PCT)、肝肾功能、D-二聚体(D-Dimer)、心肌酶、B型氨基端利钠肽原(LNTP)、有无基础病史,比较不同预后两组新冠肺炎患者胸部CT影像及各项指标差异,对两组存在显著差异性的相关指标做二元logistic回归分析。结果:入组118例患者,死亡组68例,生存组50例,死亡组年龄大于生存组,死亡组咳痰与纳差症状的比例更高;与生存组比较,死亡组在白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞绝对值(NEUT)、单核细胞绝对值(MONO)、红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞比积(HCT)、肾小球滤过率异常、降钙素原(PCT)、D-Dimer、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白(TNI)、B型氨基端利钠肽原(LNTP)异常的比例更高;相对于生存组,死亡组的WBC、NEUT及百分率、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW-CV)、红细胞体积分布宽度SD(RDW-SD)、PCT、D-Dimer、肌酸激酶(CK)、CK-MB、肌红蛋白(MYO)、TNI、LNTP值明显升高,而淋巴细胞百分率(%LYMPH)、单核细胞百分率(%MONO)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、肾小球滤过率明显减低。年龄、RBC、肾小球滤过率、CK-MB、MYO、LNTP是提示预后结果的主要因素;与生存组比较,死亡组患者新冠病毒感染肺炎的影像无明显差异,但初始胸部CT病变范围较大,多超过50%;生存组肺部CT病变较多位于肺外周及胸膜下,伴随病程死亡组病变多表现为进展或加重。结论:新冠病毒感染患者的年龄、血常规、肝肾功能、心肌功能、血凝状态、炎性反应物指标、肺部病变范围及进展情况是提示疾病严重程度及预后不良的重要因素;年龄、RBC、肾小球滤过率、CK-MB、MYO、LNTP的异常是提示重型及危重型患者致死性结果的主要危险因素;结合临床及实验室检查综合评估,胸部CT检查及随访是不能缺少的判断疾病严重程度及预后的重要评估方法。Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to analyze imaging and clinical data of patients with severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with different prognoses and provide help for clinical decision-making. Method: Clinical data and chest imaging computed tomography (CT) of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 were collected. Clinical data included: blood routine indexes, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin (PCT), the indexes of liver and kidney function, D-Dimer, myocardial enzyme, B-type amino terminal natriuretic peptide (LNTP), and whether there was any underlying medical history. The chest CT images and various indexes of patients with different prognoses of COVID-19 were compared. The relevant indicators with significant differences between the two groups were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 118 patients were enrolled, including 68 in the death group and 50 in the survival group. The age of the death group was longer, and the proportion of sputum and poor tolerance was higher than that of the survival group. Compared with the survival group, in the death group, there was a higher abnormal proportion of leukocyte count (WBC), neutrophil absolute value, monocyte absolute value, red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin, erythrocyte ratio, abnormal glomerular filtration rate, PCT, D-Dimer, creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK), troponin (TNI), LNTP. Compared with the survival group, WBC, NEUT and percentage, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, erythrocyte volume distribution width, erythrocyte volume distribution width standard deviation, PCT, D-Dimer, CK, CK-MB, myoglobin (MYO), TNI and LNTP were significantly increased in the death group, while the lymphocyte percentage, monocyte percentage, mean RBC hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and glomerular filtration rate were significantly lower. Compared with the survival group, there was no significant difference in the imaging signs of COVID-19 infection in the death group, but the scope of initial chest CT lesions was larger, with more than 50%. In the survival group, more CT lesions were located in the periphery of the lung and subpleura, while in the death group, more lesions showed progression or aggravation. Age, RBC, glomerular filtration rate, CK-MB, MYO, and LNTP were the main factors that suggested prognostic outcomes. Conclusion: Age, blood routine, liver and kidney function, myocardial function, hemagglutination status, inflammatory reactant index, and lung lesion extent and progression of patients infected with COVID-19 are important factors indicating the severity of the disease and poor prognosis. Abnormal increases in leukocyte and neutrophilic granulocyte, CRP, PCT, D-dimer, and myocardial markers might be the main factors that better predict fatal outcomes in severe and critical patients. Abnormalities in age, RBC, glomerular filtration rate, CK-MB, MYO, and LNTP were the main factors indicating fatal outcomes in severe and critically ill patients. Combined with the comprehensive evaluation of clinical and laboratory examinations, imaging findings and follow-up are indispensable methods to evaluate the severity and prognosis of the disease.
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Keywords:
- novel coronavirus /
- pneumonia /
- laboratory examination /
- prognosis
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图 1 男性,67岁,死亡患者,肺部CT显示双肺多发磨玻璃影,小叶间隔增厚呈“铺路石征”(三角形),血管穿行于病灶内呈“血管增粗征”(白色箭号)
Figure 1. A 67-year-old male patient (died). A lung CT showed multiple ground glass shadows in both lungs, thickened interlobular septum as a "paving stone sign" (triangle) and blood vessels passing through the lesion as a "thickened vessel sign" (white arrow)
图 2 男性,66岁,死亡患者。行肺部CT平扫检查,显示病变多位于双肺胸膜下,初始病变范围未超过50%,但病变明显进展
Figure 2. A 66-year-old male patient (died). A lung CT scan was performed on day 1, 6, and 15 of admission. The lesions were mostly subpleural in both lungs, and the initial lesions did not exceed 50%, but the lesions progressed significantly
表 1 不同预后两组新型冠状病毒感染者临床特征对比
Table 1 Comparison of clinical features between the two groups of patients with different prognosis
项目 组别 统计检验 死亡组(n=68) 生存组(n=50) $\chi^2 $ P 男性/女性(人数) 46/22 31/18 0.171 0.679 年龄/岁 78.00±12.02 70.04±12.58 -3.416 0.001 症状/例(%) 发热 50(73.5) 40(80.0) 0.667 0.414 高热 11(16.1) 11(22.0) 0.644 0.422 畏寒 5(7.3) 0(0.0) 3.839 0.050 咽痛 7(10.2) 2(4.0) 1.620 0.203 咳嗽 26(38.2) 16(32.0) 0.489 0.485 咳痰 24(35.2) 8(16.0) 5.427 0.020 咳血 2(2.9) 1(2.0) 0.103 0.748 气促 3(4.4) 1(2.0) 0.512 0.474 喘憋 16(23.5) 10(20.0) 0.209 0.648 呼吸不畅 9(13.2) 2(4.0) 2.907 0.088 乏力 18(26.4) 6(12.0) 3.724 0.054 纳差 6(8.8) 0(0.0) 4.648 0.031 胸痛 3(4.4) 0(0.0) 2.263 0.132 胸闷 9(13.2) 3(6.0) 1.651 0.199 基础疾病/例(%) 高血压 43(63.2) 31(62.0) 0.019 0.891 糖尿病 23(33.8) 15(30.0) 0.193 0.660 冠心病 8(11.8) 7(14.0) 0.130 0.719 恶性肿瘤 3(4.4) 1(2.0) 0.512 0.474 免疫抑制(移植术
后、化疗等)4(5.9) 2(4.0) 0.212 0.646 肺心病 1(1.5) 0(0.0) 0.742 0.389 肝病(肝炎,肝硬
化,肝衰竭等)4(5.9) 5(10.0) 0.693 0.405 外科手术史 20(29.4) 19(38.0) 0.077 0.782 表 2 不同预后两组新型冠状病毒感染者实验室指标变化情况比较
Table 2 Comparison of the changes of laboratory indexes in the two groups with different prognoses
项目 组别 统计检验 死亡组(n=68) 生存组(n=50) $\chi^2 $ P WBC升高/例(%) 53(77.9) 18(36.0) 21.552 <0.001 NEUT升高/例(%) 56(82.4) 27(54.0) 11.559 0.003 LYMPH降低/例(%) 47(69.1) 38(76.0) 0.840 0.657 MONO升高/例(%) 25(36.8) 8(16.0) 8.215 0.016 %NEUT升高/例(%) 59(86.8) 37(74.0) 3.813 0.149 %LYMPH减低/例(%) 62(91.2) 44(88.0) 1.435 0.488 %MONO正常/例(%) 39(57.4) 34(68.0) 2.761 0.251 RBC减低/例(%) 57(83.8) 38(56.0) 12.950 0.002 HGB减低/例(%) 57(83.8) 29(58.0) 9.722 0.002 HCT减低/例(%) 61(89.7) 0(0.0) 96.061 <0.001 NLR升高/例(%) 63(92.6) 45(90.0) 0.260 0.610 RDW-SD升高/例(%) 19(27.9) 34(68.0) 12.868 0.002 PLT正常/例(%) 24(35.3) 8(16.0) 7.538 0.053 ALT升高/例(%) 23(33.8) 17(34.0) 0.000 0.984 AST升高/例(%) 39(59.4) 25(50.0) 0.628 0.428 eGFR减低/例(%) 62(91.2) 28(56.0) 19.700 <0.001 SO2(%)≤93%/例(%) 50(75.8) 37(77.1) 5.392 0.056 P/F index≤30 mmHg/例(%) 37(56.1) 36(73.5) 3.676 0.055 CRP升高/例(%) 66(97.1) 44(88.0) 3.741 0.053 PCT升高/例(%) 63(92.6) 27(45.0) 34.667 <0.001 D-Dimer升高/例(%) 56(86.2) 33(68.8) 4.999 0.025 CK升高/例(%) 22(36.7) 6(24.0) 1.282 0.258 CK-MB升高/例(%) 14(23.3) 2(4.7) 6.663 0.010 MYO升高/例(%) 52(86.7) 15(93.8) 0.607 0.436 TNI升高/例(%) 50(83.3) 14(34.1) 25.385 <0.001 LNTP升高/例(%) 60(95.2) 32(76.2) 8.428 0.004 注:WBC为白细胞计数,NEUT为中性粒细胞绝对值,LYMPH为淋巴细胞绝对值,MONO为单核细胞绝对值,%NEUT为中性粒细胞百分率,%LYMPH为淋巴细胞百分率,%MONO为单核细胞百分率,RBC为红细胞计数,HGB为血红蛋白,HCT为红细胞比积,NLR为中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值,RDW-SD为红细胞体积分布宽度SD,PLT为血小板计数,ALT为丙氨酸氨基转移酶,AST为天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶,eGFR为肾小球滤过率,SO2为血氧饱和度,P/F index为肺动脉氧分压与吸氧浓度的比值,CRP为C反应蛋白,PCT为降钙素原,D-Dimer为D二聚体,CK为肌酸激酶,CK-MB为肌酸激酶同工酶,MYO为肌红蛋白,TNI为肌钙蛋白,LNTP为B型氨基端利钠肽原。 表 3 不同预后两组新型冠状病毒感染者实验室检查比较
Table 3 Comparison of laboratory indexes between the two groups with different prognoses
项目 组别 统计检验 死亡组(n=68) 生存组(n=50) Z/F P WBC/(×109L) 13.86±6.12 11.56±21.90 -4.670 <0.001 NEUT/(×109/L) 12.23±6.02 7.20±4.22 -4.621 <0.001 LYMPH/(×109/L) 0.912±0.75 3.84±21.36 -0.221 0.825 MONO/(×109/L) 0.57±0.49 0.45±0.31 -0.915 0.360 %NEUT/% 86.10±10.00 79.96±15.02 -2.963 0.003 %LYMPH/% 9.03±9.45 13.55±14.00 -3.154 0.002 %MONO/% 4.30±2.98 5.61±3.28 -2.310 0.021 RBC/(×1012/L) 3.08±1.12 3.76±0.90 2.029 0.157 HGB/(g/L) 94.47±29.12 114.56±28.00 0.308 0.580 HCT/% 29.40±9.04 34.53±7.59 1.382 0.242 NLR 24.34±33.91 11.84±11.97 -3.377 0.001 MCV/FL 97.59±10.09 92.68±7.72 1.581 0.211 MCH/pg 35.80±34.63 30.59±3.02 -0.109 0.913 MCHC/(g/L) 324.90±52.82 330.16±21.05 -3.465 0.001 RDW-CV/% 14.89±2.60 13.55±3.25 -4.524 <0.001 RDW-SD/FL 50.96±9.75 45.03±9.22 -4.316 <0.001 PLT/×109/L 161.88±98.87 209.36±101.18 0.112 0.738 ALT/(U/L) 184.43±626.43 50.72±61.22 -0.249 0.803 AST/(U/L) 276.62±800.04 53.06±47.39 -1.819 0.069 eGFR/(mL/min/1.73 m2) 50.67±39.54 80.89±31.50 -5.065 <0.001 pO2/mmHg 67.18±25.31 58.02±15.48 -1.381 0.167 SO2/% 101.02±92.41 88.58±9.82 -0.878 0.380 P/F index/mmHg 324.65±117.98 282.22±69.21 -1.386 0.166 CRP/(mg/L) 86.37±45.26 59.40±41.20 1.021 0.314 PCT/(ng/mL) 6.63±14.80 2.58±13.30 -5.370 <0.001 D-Dimer/(ug/L) 4281.21±5628.42 2713.70±6835.12 -3.709 <0.001 CK/(U/L) 711.10±1295.57 136.56±292.62 -3.986 <0.001 CK-MB/(ng/mL) 4.58±8.09 1.93±5.60 -4.263 <0.001 MYO/(ng/mL) 1190.55±2064.71 128.31±173.14 -5.701 <0.001 TNI/(ng/mL) 0.89±2.12 0.13±0.31 -5.070 <0.001 LNTP/(pg/mL) 9821.78±21583.97 6934.55±32028.09 -4.840 <0.001 注:WBC为白细胞计数,NEUT为中性粒细胞绝对值,LYMPH为淋巴细胞绝对值,MONO为单核细胞绝对值,%NEUT为中性粒细胞百分率,%LYMPH为淋巴细胞百分率,%MONO为单核细胞百分率,RBC为红细胞计数,HGB为血红蛋白,HCT为红细胞比积,NLR为中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值,MCV为平均红细胞体积,MCH为平均红细胞血红蛋白含量,MCHC为平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度,RDW-CV为红细胞体积分布宽度,RDW-SD为红细胞体积分布宽度SD,PLT为血小板计数,ALT为丙氨酸氨基转移酶,AST为天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶,eGFR为肾小球滤过率,pO2为氧分压,SO2为血氧饱和度,P/F index为肺动脉氧分压与吸氧浓度的比值,CRP为C反应蛋白,PCT为降钙素原,D-Dimer为D二聚体,CK为肌酸激酶,CK-MB为肌酸激酶同工酶,MYO为肌红蛋白,TNI为肌钙蛋白,LNTP为B型氨基端利钠肽原。 表 4 临床实验室检查指标的logistic回归分析结果
Table 4 Logistic regression analysis results of clinical laboratory examination indicators
项目 B 标准误 瓦尔德 OR值 OR值95% CI P 年龄/岁 0.276 0.124 4.905 1.317 1.032~1.681 0.027 WBC/(×109/L) 27.876 17.021 2.682 1.277 E+12 0.004~3.935 E+26 0.101 NEUT/(×109/L) -27.394 16.973 2.605 0.000 0.000~354.965 0.107 LYMPH/(×109/L) -30.465 18.544 2.699 0.000 0.000~358.019 0.100 MONO/(×109/L) -10.092 8.903 1.285 0.000 0.000~1568.427 0.257 %NEUT/% 3.076 1.628 3.569 21.681 0.891~527.464 0.059 %LYMPH/% 3.590 1.876 3.662 36.224 0.917~1431.489 0.056 %MONO/% 1.008 0.626 2.596 2.741 0.804~9.346 0.107 RBC/(×1012/L) -34.051 17.049 3.989 0.000 0.000~0.529 0.046 HGB/(g/L) -1.039 0.677 2.355 0.354 0.094~1.334 0.125 HCT/% 6.967 3.696 3.554 1061.421 0.758~1485479.324 0.059 NLR -0.006 0.024 0.066 0.994 0.949~1.041 0.797 MCHC/(g/L) 0.143 0.135 1.126 1.154 0.886~1.502 0.289 RDW-CV/% 1.828 1.820 1.008 6.219 0.175~220.447 0.315 RDW-SD/(FL) -1.173 0.763 2.363 0.309 0.069~1.381 0.124 eGFR/(mL/min/1.73 m2) 0.090 0.042 4.666 1.095 1.008~1.188 0.031 CRP/(mg/L) -0.011 0.019 0.309 0.989 0.953~1.027 0.579 PCT/(ng/mL) -0.344 0.212 2.629 0.709 0.468~1.074 0.105 D-Dimer/(ug/L) 0.000 0.000 1.957 1.000 0.999~1.000 0.162 CK/(U/L) -0.003 0.002 1.900 0.997 0.992~1.001 0.168 CK-MB/(ng/mL) 0.433 0.255 2.878 1.542 0.935~2.543 0.090 MYO/(ng/mL) 0.024 0.012 4.457 1.025 1.002~1.048 0.035 TNI/(ng/mL) 4.129 4.061 1.034 62.119 0.022~177947.798 0.309 LNTP/(pg/mL) 0.000 0.000 4.392 1.000 1.000~1.000 0.036 注:WBC为白细胞计数,NEUT为中性粒细胞绝对值,LYMPH为淋巴细胞绝对值,MONO为单核细胞绝对值,%NEUT为中性粒细胞百分率,%LYMPH为淋巴细胞百分率,%MONO为单核细胞百分率,RBC为红细胞计数,HGB为血红蛋白,HCT为红细胞比积,NLR为中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值,MCHC为平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度,RDW-CV为红细胞体积分布宽度,RDW-SD为红细胞体积分布宽度SD,eGFR为肾小球滤过率,CRP为C反应蛋白,PCT为降钙素原,D-Dimer为D二聚体,CK为肌酸激酶,CK-MB为肌酸激酶同工酶,MYO为肌红蛋白,TNI为肌钙蛋白,LNTP为B型氨基端利钠肽原。 表 5 不同预后两组新型冠状病毒肺炎影像特征对比
Table 5 Comparison of imaging features of the two groups with different prognosis of novel coronavirus pneumonia
项目 级别 统计检验 死亡组(n=58) 生存组(n=36) $Z/\chi^2 $ P 发病到CT检查时间/d 9.86±6.50 12.14±6.90 -1.863 0.062 就诊时病变超过>50%/例(%) 33(56.8) 12(33.3) 4.580 0.032 病灶多位于肺外周或胸膜下/例(%) 27(46.6) 26(72.2) 6.340 0.010 磨玻璃影/例(%) 50(86.2) 33(91.7) 0.970 0.325 实变影/例(%) 39(67.2) 24(66.7) 0.114 0.736 铺路石征/例(%) 24(41.4) 18(50.0) 0.788 0.375 血管穿行于病灶内,伴血管增粗/例(%) 32(55.2) 23(63.9) 0.854 0.355 胸膜增厚/例(%) 54(93.1) 32(88.9) 0.181 0.670 淋巴结肿大/例(%) 6(10.3) 1(2.8) 1.790 0.181 胸腔积液/例(%) 24(41.4) 6(16.7) 5.966 0.015 心包积液/例(%) 1(1.7) 1(2.8) 0.127 0.721 病变复查/例 n=33* n=28* 24.820 <0.001 进展/例(%) 27(81.8) 6(21.4) 好转/例(%) 5(15.2) 22(78.6) 变化不大/例(%) 1(3.0) 0(0.0) 病变进展范围超过50%/例(%) 11(33.3) 0(0.0) 3.667 0.056 注:*-死亡组及生存组排除25例和8例没有CT复查图像。 -
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