Research Advancements in Surface Wave Exploration
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摘要:
面波勘探通过对提取面波的频散曲线等观测进而反演获得探测目标信息。面波勘探技术始于20世纪60年代，但近几十年来迅猛发展，已经被广泛应用在地震灾害及火山活动预测、深部地质结构、工程施工、矿区采空区、塌陷区探测以及星体近地表结构探测等方面。为了更全面了解面波勘探技术，本文从面波勘探技术的主动震源和被动震源这两种数据类型开始，回顾基于频散曲线和水平垂直振幅谱比观测的面波勘探技术基本理论，简要介绍面波反演方法，并介绍面波勘探技术的应用领域和发展趋势和前景。
Abstract:Surface wave exploration plays a vital role in obtaining target detection information by analyzing and retrieving the dispersion curve of surface waves. Although surface wave exploration technology originated in the 1960s, it has experienced significant advancements in recent decades and has found widespread applications in earthquake disaster and volcanic activity prediction, deep geological structure analysis, engineering construction, mining area and goaf assessment, subsidence area detection, and near-surface structure investigation, including celestial bodies such as stars. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of surface wave exploration technology. It begins by discussing two types of data sources, namely active source and passive source, and proceeds to review the fundamental theory of surface wave exploration based on dispersion curve analysis and observations of horizontal and vertical amplitude ratios. This paper also provides a brief introduction to the surface wave inversion method. Additionally, it highlights the various application domains of surface wave exploration, outlines the current development trend, and presents future prospects for this technology.
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Keywords:
- surface wave exploration technology /
- dispersion curve /
- Rayleigh wave /
- HVSR
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近年来CT设备快速发展，探测器覆盖范围增大、扫描速度变快，使其在临床实践中得到广泛的应用[1-3]，然而新型设备中扫描机架能够实施角度倾斜的越来越少。
CT检查技术专家共识中颅脑的推荐扫描基线为听眶上线或听眦线[4]，此基线可以获得较好的诊断层面以及较低的眼晶状体辐射剂量。如果CT机架无法倾斜角度，只能通过摆位使受检者尽量低头来调整扫描角度，但是一些特殊患者（如外伤、镇静、颈部僵直等）可能无法很好地配合，只能采用近似听眶下线为基线进行扫描。对于诊断层面可以通过对所得原始影像进行层面重组来实现基线纠正，然而眼晶状体作为辐射敏感器官位于扫描野内，势必会使得其器官剂量升高[5-6]。
器官剂量调制（organ dose modulation，ODM）技术是根据X射线管的角度调制管电流（mA），降低受检者辐射敏感器官前方扇形区域的管电流，同时保证总体CT扫描剂量水平和诊断图像的质量[7-8]。铋屏蔽材料可有效降低体表辐射敏感器官的辐射剂量[9-10]。
本研究探讨采用铋屏蔽联合器官剂量调制技术在颅脑CT检查中应用价值。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 实验材料
GE Revolution螺旋CT；离体头颅标本一个；厚度为0.1 cm眼晶状体铋屏蔽眼罩一个（F&L MedicalProducts，规格13.80 cm×3.10 cm，含铋
0.0085 g/mm，相当于0.015 mm厚度的铅）；PTW公司30013 Farmer 空气电离室剂量计；IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0软件。1.2 实验方法
CT机进行校正后，将离体头颅标本放置在扫描床的头托上，保证对称且位置居中，使其听眶上线垂直于检查床。PTW UNIDOS E剂量计测量端置于标本右侧眼眶处。
扫描分为4组：常规固定mA序列、ODM序列、固定mA联合铋屏蔽序列、ODM联合铋屏蔽序列。
扫描参数：逐层扫描模式（Axial），管电压120 kV，焦点为S，扫描视野（scanning field of view，SFOV）为Head，旋转时间1 s/r，重建层厚、间距均为5 mm，前置迭代ASiR-V 50%，矩阵512×512，扫描长度160 mm，软组织窗重建核为Stnd#，骨窗重建核为Bone Plus，容积CT剂量指数（volume CT dose index，CTDIvol）为44.75 mGy。
所有扫描均以此CTDIvol为基准保持一致，固定mA序列和固定mA联合铋屏蔽序列管电流为315 mA，ODM序列和ODM联合铋屏蔽序列噪声指数（noise index）设置为推荐值2.1，使用铋屏蔽时将其置于双侧眼眶正上方，由于右眼眶上有剂量计，故铋屏蔽距右眼较远（约2.0 cm），距左眼较近（约0.5 cm）。每组扫描9次，记录扫描后生成的CTDIvol，读取剂量计读数作为眼晶状体吸收剂量。然后将离体头颅标本调整至听眶下线垂直于检查床，重复以上4组扫描序列。
1.3 图像评价
分别测量左侧小脑半球、左侧颞叶脑组织、左侧眶脂体CT值和标准差SD，感兴趣区（region of interest，ROI）面积为20.99 mm2。由两名放射科医生对影像进行评价，采用软组织窗（窗宽80 HU，窗位30 HU）和骨窗（窗宽
4000 HU，窗位700 HU）分别观察眼睑、眶内软组织、脑组织以及额骨、颞骨，并采用3分法进行评分，如评分不一致则通过协商达成一致。Ⅰ级图像为质量很好，噪声小，组织结构显示清晰，对比良好，可以满足诊断需求；Ⅱ级图像为质量一般，图像噪声较大，部分组织结构显示欠佳，基本可满足诊断需求；Ⅲ 级图像为质量很低，噪声较大，伪影较重，组织结构显示不清，完全不能满足诊断需求。其中，Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级为符合诊断要求的图像。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 24.0统计软件进行统计学分析，数据均符合正态分布，以
$ ({\bar{x}}\pm {s}) $ 表示，且通过方差齐性检验，对眼晶状体辐射剂量、CT值差异、SD差异的多组比较均利用ANOVA方差分析，并采取Turkey法进一步两两比较。P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 辐射剂量影响
颅脑扫描中不同基线、扫描以及屏蔽方式对眼晶状体辐射剂量的影响：在相同CTDIvol下，扫描基线相同时，固定mA序列晶状体辐射剂量最高，ODM联合铋屏蔽晶状体辐射剂量最低。其中采用听眶下线为扫描基线，固定mA序列时，晶状体剂量为43.49 mGy，采用听眶上线为扫描基线，ODM联合铋屏蔽序列时，晶状体剂量为14.81 mGy（表1）。
表 1 颅脑扫描在采用不同基线、扫描以及屏蔽方式时眼晶状体的辐射剂量Table 1. Radiation dose of the eye lens with different scanning and shielding methods under different baselines in brain scanning扫描及
屏蔽方式听眶下线 听眶上线 统计检验 固定mA ODM 固定mA
联合铋屏蔽ODM联合
铋屏蔽固定mA ODM 固定mA
联合铋屏蔽ODM联合
铋屏蔽F P 容积CT剂量
指数/mGy44.75 44.61 44.75 44.89 44.75 44.61 44.75 44.87 眼晶状体
剂量/mGy43.49±0.07 40.31±0.03 32.31±0.03 30.31±0.03 20.64±0.05 19.56±0.03 15.01±0.12 14.81±0.07 70.148 ＜0.001 采用听眶下线为扫描基线时眼晶状体的辐射剂量均高于听眶上线为基线时的剂量，差异有统计学意义；组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义。
2.2 CT值影响
不同扫描及屏蔽方式对影像CT值的影响。不论何种扫描及屏蔽方式，小脑半球及颞叶脑组织处CT值差异均无统计学意义。眼眶内CT值差异有统计学意义，其中采用听眶下线为扫描基线时，软组织窗：F=
2899.595 ，P＜0.001；骨窗：F=2114.957 ，P＜0.001（表2）。采用听眶上线为扫描基线时，软组织窗：F=489.883，P＜0.001；骨窗：F=575.869，P＜0.001（表3）。表 2 采用听眶下线为基线时不同扫描及屏蔽方法的影像CT值Table 2. The CT values of images with the orbitomeatal line under different scanning and shielding methods扫描及屏蔽方式 听眶下线 统计检验 固定mA ODM 固定mA联合铋屏蔽 ODM联合铋屏蔽 F P 软组织窗CT值/HU 小脑 43.36±0.52 42.94±0.59 43.19±0.74 43.07±0.79 0.619 0.608 颞叶脑组织 40.09±0.48 39.76±0.27 39.72±0.53 39.82±0.53 1.142 0.347 左眼 42.20±0.34 42.50±0.33 54.20±0.36 53.99±0.47 2899.595 ＜0.001 骨窗CT值/HU 小脑 48.58±0.93 48.66±0.57 48.03±1.25 48.75±1.30 0.831 0.487 颞叶脑组织 48.30±0.54 48.28±0.58 48.77±0.58 48.89±0.61 2.664 0.065 左眼 46.50±0.34 46.31±0.53 59.93±0.44 59.43±0.65 2114.957 ＜0.001 表 3 采用听眶上线为基线时不同扫描及屏蔽方法的影像CT值Table 3. The CT values of images with the glabellomeatal line under different scanning and shielding methods扫描及屏蔽方式 听眶上线 统计检验 固定mA ODM 固定mA联合铋屏蔽 ODM联合铋屏蔽 F P 软组织窗CT值/HU 小脑 47.93±0.69 47.41±0.62 47.59±0.87 47.12±0.92 1.688 0.189 颞叶脑组织 40.02±0.56 40.42±1.06 40.60±0.99 40.07±0.93 0.839 0.483 左眼 43.41±1.29 43.98±0.39 54.13±1.13 55.82±0.24 489.883 ＜0.001 骨窗CT值/HU 小脑 50.10±0.69 50.13±0.76 50.07±0.97 49.86±1.24 0.160 0.923 颞叶脑组织 50.31±0.73 50.01±0.86 50.93±1.18 50.87±0.63 2.323 0.094 左眼 50.93±0.88 50.34±0.95 62.21±0.78 62.59±0.78 575.869 ＜0.001 使用铋屏蔽后眶脂体的CT值有所增加，两两比较显示固定mA与固定mA联合铋屏蔽序列、ODM与ODM联合铋屏蔽序列差异有统计学意义，而固定mA与ODM序列、固定mA联合铋屏蔽与ODM联合铋屏蔽序列差异均无统计学意义。
2.3 SD影响
不同扫描及屏蔽方式对影像SD影响。不论何种扫描及屏蔽方式，小脑半球及颞叶脑组织处SD差异均无统计学意义。眼眶内眶脂体SD差异有统计学差异，其中采用听眶下线为扫描基线时，软组织窗：F=102.243，P＜0.001；骨窗：F=283.130，P＜0.001（表4）。采用听眶上线为扫描基线时，软组织窗：F=43.269，P＜0.001；骨窗：F=173.846，P＜0.001（表5）。
表 4 采用听眶下线为基线时不同扫描及屏蔽方法的图像噪声Table 4. The noise levels of images with the orbitomeatal line under different scanning and shielding methods扫描及屏蔽方式 听眶下线 统计检验 固定mA ODM 固定mA联合铋屏蔽 ODM联合铋屏蔽 F P 软组织窗噪声 小脑 3.47±0.40 3.69±0.78 3.63±0.29 3.59±0.20 0.361 0.781 颞叶脑组织 3.38±0.73 3.52±0.45 3.27±0.39 4.03±0.84 2.576 0.071 左眼 3.90±0.30 4.08±0.38 7.10±0.75 6.93±0.53 102.243 ＜0.001 骨窗噪声 小脑 21.82±1.81 22.23±0.76 21.93±2.55 22.28±1.65 0.138 0.937 颞叶脑组织 23.21±1.27 24.17±1.59 24.81±2.19 24.62±1.47 1.658 0.196 左眼 24.73±1.00 24.88±0.97 34.02±0.74 34.32±1.10 283.130 ＜0.001 表 5 采用听眶上线为基线时不同扫描及屏蔽方法的图像噪声值Table 5. The noise levels of images with the glabellomeatal line under different scanning and shielding methods扫描及屏蔽方式 听眶上线 统计检验 固定mA ODM 固定mA联合铋屏蔽 ODM联合铋屏蔽 F P 软组织窗噪声 小脑 2.87±0.47 3.23±0.42 2.92±0.37 3.21±0.46 1.770 0.173 颞叶脑组织 3.97±0.37 3.64±0.46 3.81±0.43 3.96±0.62 0.890 0.457 左眼 3.42±0.51 3.74±0.24 5.36±0.54 4.93±0.32 43.269 ＜0.001 骨窗噪声 小脑 29.38±2.46 29.43±1.57 29.54±1.53 31.20±2.21 1.764 0.174 颞叶脑组织 21.21±1.39 21.52±1.71 22.50±1.13 22.40±2.32 1.276 0.299 左眼 24.76±1.31 24.23±1.66 35.00±1.38 34.54±0.97 173.846 ＜0.001 使用铋屏蔽后眶脂体SD有所增加。两两比较显示固定mA与固定mA联合铋屏蔽序列，ODM与ODM联合铋屏蔽序列差异有统计学意义，而固定mA与ODM序列、固定mA联合铋屏蔽与ODM联合铋屏蔽序列差异均无统计学意义。
2.4 主观评价
结果显示，不论采用哪种扫描基线，固定mA序列与ODM序列所得影像质量均为Ⅰ级；当使用固定mA联合铋屏蔽和ODM联合铋屏蔽时对颅内影像诊断评分为Ⅰ级，但对于软组织窗铋屏蔽所在层面的眶内结构评分为 Ⅲ 级，骨窗铋屏蔽附近的骨质结构评分为Ⅱ级（图1）。
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图 1 不同基线、扫描及屏蔽方式下所得颅脑图像注：（a）~（d）扫描基线为听眶上线。（a）为固定mA序列软组织窗图像，（b）为固定mA联合铋屏蔽序列软组织窗图像，（c）为ODM序列骨窗图像，（d）为ODM联合铋屏蔽序列骨窗图像；（e）~（h）扫描基线为听眶下线，（e）为固定mA序列软组织窗图像，（f）为固定mA联合铋屏蔽序列软组织窗图像，（g）为ODM序列骨窗图像，（h）为ODM联合铋屏蔽序列骨窗图像。Figure 1. Images with different scanning and shielding methods under different baselines in brain scanning3. 讨论
近年来CT设备的一个发展方向为探测器宽度越来越宽、转速越来越快，为临床应用提供了极大的便利，特别是对婴幼儿患者[11]、急性脑血管病患者[12-13]等进行检查时，可使扫描尽快完成。但是此类患者往往难以进行体位配合，同时大部分新型CT机架无法倾斜角度，只能以听眶下线为基线进行扫描，此结果必然导致眼晶状体暴露于扫描范围之内，接受X射线的直接照射，使得眼晶状体受到的辐射剂量增加。
本研究分别采用听眶上线和听眶下线为扫描基线作比较。在相同扫描参数及屏蔽方法下，采用听眶上线进行扫描时辐射剂量均低于采用听眶下线，可降低46.49%~48.86%。由此可见，眼晶状体是否处于扫描野内对其所接受的辐射照射影响较大。
近年来，在CT扫描检查过程中是否需要使用屏蔽防护收到了很多关注，例如国际放射防护委员会（International Commission on Radiological Protection，ICRP）和国际原子能机构（International Atomic Energy Agency，IAEA）支持使用[14-15]，而美国医学物理师协会（American Association of Physicist in Medicine，AAPM）发表声明：应停止在X射线诊断成像过程中对患者的性腺和胎儿进行屏蔽防护[16]。欧洲对患者辐射防护的共识[17]中指出，在使用成像平面内屏蔽防护时需要考虑以下因素。
①由于患者解剖结构存在差异，操作人员在正确放置屏蔽物以遮盖辐射敏感器官时可能会遇到挑战；②屏蔽的高衰减材料可能会干扰自动曝光控制系统的正常工作，反而可能导致患者收到更高的辐射剂量；③所用的屏蔽物可能会引起硬化伪影降低图像质量。
本研究眼晶状体作为被屏蔽的对象，操作上容易实现，不存在如甲状腺或性腺等由于解剖结构的差异而无法正确放置的现象。
实验中采用固定CTDIvol，在应用相同基线时与常规固定mA序列相比，ODM、铋屏蔽和ODM联合铋屏蔽序列均能有效降低眼晶状体的辐射剂量，其中ODM联合铋屏蔽的效果最好。孙静坤等[18]研究表明采用X-care联合铋屏蔽可有效降低眼晶状体的辐射剂量，与本研究结论一致。
采用铋屏蔽后，虽然小脑半球以及颞叶脑组织的CT值和噪声与未使用铋屏蔽相比没有明显变化。但是对于眶内组织，CT值和噪声均有所增加，主要是由于靠近铋屏蔽附近产生线束硬化伪影导致CT值升高，同时X光子数减少使得噪声增加，特别是左眼，由于其更靠近铋，CT值和噪声增加明显。医师的主观评价也显示使用铋屏蔽后对于眼眶内以及周围骨组织的诊断信心不足。Di Rosso等[19]通过模体研究得出铋屏蔽会导致眼眶内噪声增加，对颅内噪声却没有影响，可以考虑与其他降低剂量的方法结合使用。在临床应用中，如诊断要点包括眼眶时需谨慎使用铋屏蔽，或者采用在铋与眼表面之间添加海绵垫以减小线束硬化伪影对组织的影响[20]。
不过，采用听眶下线为基线时，即使使用ODM联合铋屏蔽方法，眼晶状体的辐射剂量依然高于听眶上线为基线时的常规序列扫描，由此可见选择正确的扫描基线对于晶状体的保护要优于ODM技术及铋屏蔽防护。
本研究只是采用离体头颅标本作为对象，旨在对方法的可行性进行研究，与人体存在一定差异，实验结果还有待于进一步收集临床病例进行验证。此外，不同的扫描基线会可能对图像层面的诊断要点显示有所影响，本实验中未对此进行研究，后期可通过薄层图像进行多平面重组来纠正此影响。
总之，进行颅脑CT扫描时，采用听眶上线作为基线时眼晶状体可比听眶下线降低近一半的辐射剂量，因此临床操作中当CT机架无法倾斜角度时，应尽量通过摆位、垫头枕等方式使受检者低头，使用听眶上线作为扫描基线。如患者确实无法进行体位配合时，在明确诊断要点为非眼眶附近时，可采用ODM联合铋屏蔽方法来进一步降低眼晶状体的辐射剂量。
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图 2 常用面波单点观测台阵示意图
Figure 2. Schematic representations of common surface wave single-point observation arrays
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图 3 三层速度递增水平层状介质模型地震记录及合成面波频散能量谱[24]
（a）合成Rayleigh波地震记录。频散能量谱：（b）$\tau-p $变换法（c）相移法（d）$f-k $变换法
Figure 3. Seismic record and synthetic surface wave dispersion energy spectrum of a three-layer horizontal layered media model with increasing velocity
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图 4 实验数据频散能量图[28]
Figure 4. Dispersion energy diagrams of Rayleigh wave data from the Changzhou suburb
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图 5 SPAC法提取频散曲线流程图[30]
Figure 5. Flow chart outlining the SPAC method for extractingdispersion curve
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图 6 折射微动法用于研究南加州纽霍尔消防站得到的结果图[31]
Figure 6. Application of the refraction micromotion method to study the Newhall Fire Station in Southern California
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图 7 模型不含噪声数据ACMPA与多种优化算法收敛曲线对比[75]
Figure 7. Comparison of convergence curves of ACMPA with those of other optimization algorithms; noise-free data from the model are used
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