Research Progress of X-Ray Diffraction Technology in Security Inspection
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摘要: 暴恐事件的频发严重影响了国际社会的安全和秩序，给客运、货运安全带来了前所未有的挑战。有效打击恐怖活动，保障人身、财产安全，是国内乃至全球公共安全领域的重要诉求。因此，如何通过高技术手段提升安全检查能力，成为人们关注的重要问题和研究热点。X射线衍射（XRD）技术能在分子层面上识别违禁品，具有较高的区分度，在安全检查领域有着广阔的应用前景。本文从衍射的基础理论出发，简述目前能量色散X射线衍射（EDXRD）检测方案与识别算法的研究进展，既而分析EDXRD技术的优势并搭建系统验证有效性，最后对XRD的发展方向作展望，以期进一步推动此技术在公共安全领域发挥更加重要的作用。Abstract: The frequent occurrence of terrorist incidents has seriously affected the security and order of the international community, bringing unprecedented challenges to the safety of passenger and freight transportation. Effectively combating terrorist activities and ensuring personal and property safety are important demands in the field of public security both domestically and globally. Therefore, how to enhance security inspection capabilities through high-tech means has become an important issue and research hotspot of concern. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology can identify prohibited substances at the molecular level, with high discrimination, and has broad application prospects in the field of safety inspection. Starting from the basic theory of diffraction, this article briefly describes the current research progress in the structure and recognition algorithms of XRD systems, as well as the advantages of XRD technology. An XRD system was built to verify its effectiveness. Finally, the development direction of XRD was prospected, with the aim of further promoting this technology to play a more important role in the field of public safety.
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图 2 晶体衍射原理图与衍射谱线
Figure 2. Crystal diffraction principle diagram and diffraction spectral lines
图 9 逆扇形束XRD结构示意图与XDi系统
Figure 9. Structural diagram of multiple inverse fan beam XRD and XDi system
图 10 环形束结构XRD原理示意图
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the circular beam structure XRD system
图 14 分类算法的效果对比
Figure 14. Comparison of the effectiveness of classification algorithms
图 20 衍射特征谱两两皮尔逊相关系数，其中材料1到6分别是高氯酸钾、硝酸钾、氯化铵、蜂蜜、沐浴乳、巧克力
Figure 20. The Pearson correlation coefficient between KClO4, KNO3, NH4Cl, Honey, shower gel and chocolate
表 1 X射线安检技术的特点
Table 1. Characteristics of X-ray security inspection technology
检测技术 X射线衍射 X射线背散射 X射线透射 CT 相衬成像 检查效率 较慢 一般 很快 较快 很慢 技术是否成
熟不成熟 成熟 成熟 成熟 不成熟 空间分辨率 较差 较差 良好 良好 良好 违禁品查验
能力衍射谱区分，灵敏
度很高背散射强度区分 投影的有效原子序
数、电子密度区分切片的有效原子序
数、电子密度区分透射、相衬与暗场
区分，灵敏度较高可检测违禁
品种类含晶体结构的材料，
如爆炸物、毒品等低原子序数的有机
物，如有机炸药、
毒品等区分金属、无机物、
有机物区分金属、有机物、
无机物弱吸收低对比度物
质，如高分子材料、
生物体组织成像区域 较小 较大 较大 较大 较小 成像原理 小角散射 大角度康普顿散射 X射线在介质中衰减
规律X射线在介质中衰减
规律X射线的相位变化 备注 针对晶体结构效果
明显探测器和光源处于
同侧原理简单造价低 能够获得被检物的
3D图像对低原子序数的物
体成像效果较好
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表 2 高氯酸钾、硝酸钾、氯化铵、蜂蜜、沐浴乳、巧克力特的主要衍射峰
Table 2. The diffraction peak position of KClO4, KNO3, NH4Cl, Honey, shower gel and chocolate
第一衍射峰/keV 第二衍射峰/keV 第三衍射峰/keV 高氯酸钾 52.25 71.25 82.75 硝酸钾 56.25 39.75 77.50 氯化铵 55.25 — — 蜂蜜 — — — 沐浴乳 — — — 巧克力 38.75 — —
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